Table 3.

Blood biomarkers related to endocrinology and metabolism.

Biomarker	ALS	Controls	Finding	Reference
Angiogenin	79	72H	High serum level High level in limb versus bulbar onset	[69]
Apolipoprotein E	403	1091ND	Plasma level correlated with progression and survival	[70]
CNTF	36	13H 30ND	High serum level	[71]
Creatine kinase	30	—	High serum level in limb versus bulbar onset	[72]
Endoglin	25	25H	Low serum level	[73]
IGF	28	28H 41ND	High serum level	[74]
IGFBP-1	28	28H 41ND	Low serum level	[74]
LDL/HDL ratio	286	369H	High plasma level Correlated with survival	[75]
N-acetylaspartate	112	51H	High serum level Correlated with progression	[76]
Transglutaminase	17	21ND	Serum activity correlated with disease status	[77]

H: healthy; ND: neurological/neurodegenerative disease; CNTF: ciliary neurotrophic factor; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP: insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.