Table 4.

Blood biomarkers related to neurodegeneration.

Biomarker	ALS	Controls	Finding	Reference
Anti-Fas	52	20H 22ND	High serum level in ALS subtype	[84]
Caspase-9	30	30ND	High serum level Correlated with severity and duration	[83]
Cystatin C	44	35H 25ND	High plasma level	[85]
ICE/Caspase-1	25	15H	High serum level	[82]
NFL	46	67H 97ND	High serum level	[86]
pNF-H	62	—	Plasma and serum level correlated with ALSFRS-R decline	[89]
	71	40H 52ND	High plasma level	[88]
S100-β	41	32H	Serum level correlated with progression	[92]

H: healthy; ND: neurological/neurodegenerative disease; ALSFRS-R: revised ALS functional rating scale; ICE: interleukin-1β converting enzyme; NFL: neurofilament light chain; pNF-H: phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain.