Table 5.

Other blood biomarkers.

Biomarker	ALS	Controls	Finding	Reference
C9orf72	2	2H	Mononuclear cell binding of mutant c9orf72 to tri-CH3 histone residues	[94]
EMMPRIN	50	50H	High serum level Correlated with severity	[95]
ICTP	21	16ND	High serum level Correlated with duration	[96]
Lead	184	194H	High level Correlated with risk of ALS	[97]
MMP-2	30	15H	Correlated with severity	[98]
MMP-9	14	20H 45ND	High serum level	[99]
PICP	21	16ND	Low serum level	[96]
TDP-43	16	13H	Cytoplasmic lymphomonocyte location in ALS subtype	[100]
	219	100H	High plasma level	[101]
Type IV collagen	30	30H 14ND	Correlated with duration	[102]

H: healthy; ND: neurological/neurodegenerative disease; EMMPRIN: extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer; ICTP: cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; PICP: propeptide of type I procollagen; TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein-43.