Table 1.
Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of participants
| Variable | Schizophrenia (n = 30) | Control (n = 41) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 47 ± 10 | 37 ± 16 | 0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 20 (66.7%) | 17 (42.5%) | 0.056 |
| Female | 10 (33.3%) | 23 (57.5%) | |
| Race | |||
| Caucasian | 24 (82.8%) | 22 (57.9%) | 0.070 |
| African American | 5 (17.2%) | 12 (31.6%) | |
| Asian or Pacific islander | 0 (0%) | 4 (10.5%) | |
| Participant’s education (year) | 14 ± 3 | 15 ± 2 | 0.111 |
| Father’s education (year) | 13 ± 5 | 14 ± 3 | 0.557 |
| Mother’s education (year) | 13 ± 4 | 14 ± 3 | 0.455 |
| Past history of tobacco smoking | 15 of 29 (51.7%) | 10 of 39 (25.6%) | 0.042 |
| CO at baseline (ppm) | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.264 |
| BDI | 8.8 ± 9.7 | 1.8 ± 2.9 | 0.001 |
| SANS composite | 24 ± 14 | 5 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| BPRS | 46 ± 12 | 27 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| SHAPS | 24 ± 9 | 22 ± 6 | 0.176 |
| Antipsychotic medications | |||
| Clozapine | 10 (33.3%) | ||
| Olanzapine | 8 (26.7%) | ||
| Aripiprazole | 5 (16.7%) | ||
| Risperidone | 4 (13.3%) | ||
| Quetiapine | 3 (10.0%) | ||
| Ziprasidone | 3 (10.0%) | ||
| Fluphenazine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Loxapine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Perphenazine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Thioridazine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Concomitant psychotropic medications | |||
| Fluoxetine | 5 (16.7%) | ||
| Valproate | 5 (16.7%) | ||
| Clonazepam | 4 (13.3%) | ||
| Bupropion | 2 (6.7%) | ||
| Gabapentin | 2 (6.7%) | ||
| Lithium | 2 (6.7%) | ||
| Lorazepam | 2 (6.7%) | ||
| Trazodone | 2 (6.7%) | ||
| Benztropine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Buspirone | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Citalopram | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Clomipramine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Doxepin | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Lamotrigine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Modafinil | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Oxcarbazepine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Sertraline | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Topiramate | 1 (3.3%) | ||
| Venlafaxine | 1 (3.3%) | ||
CO, carbon monoxide; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; SHAPS, Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Values are Mean ± SD or number (%). p-values based on two-sample Student’s t-tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s Exact tests (two-sided) for binary variables. There were missing data for gender (1), race (4), participant’s education (3), father’s education (16), mother’s education (13), past history of tobacco smoking (3), and CO at baseline (1). The sum of % in medications exceeds 100 as some patients take multiple medications.