Table 2.
Effects of treatment and diagnosis on cognitive performance as raw means
| Task | Variable | Schizophrenia | Control | Treatment | Treatment x Diagnosis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||
| Mecamylamine | Varenicline | Placebo | Mecamylamine | Varenicline | Placebo | F | df | p value | F | df | p value | ||
| CPT-IP | 2-digit Hit rate (number) | 25.2 ± 4.5 | 26.2 ± 5.1 | 25.3 ± 5.4 | 28.8 ± 2.4 | 29.2 ± 1.7 | 29.3 ± 1.0 | 1.12 | 2, 125 | 0.3310 | 0.97 | 2, 125 | 0.3825 |
| False alarms (ln) | 0.69 ± 0.71 | 0.76 ± 0.87 | 0.57 ± 0.71 | 0.35 ± 0.49 | 0.22 ± 0.39 | 0.34 ± 0.47 | 0.15 | 2, 125 | 0.8603 | 1.82 | 2, 125 | 0.1656 | |
| Random errors (ln) | 0.90 ± 1.03 | 0.66 ± 1.07 | 0.57 ± 0.96 | 0.18 ± 0.43 | 0.21 ± 0.45 | 0.12 ± 0.27 | 3.13 | 2, 125 | 0.0473 | 2.59 | 2, 125 | 0.0788 | |
| HRT (ms) | 529.6 ± 80.6 | 478.6 ± 76.8 | 474.9 ± 68.8 | 451.5 ± 62.9 | 430.3 ± 55.3 | 441.9 ± 61.6 | 14.37 | 2, 125 | <0.0001 | 4.59 | 2, 126 | 0.0119 | |
| SD HRT (ms) | 141.6 ± 57.5 | 120.5 ± 58.5 | 123.1 ± 44.9 | 91.2 ± 31.1 | 83.2 ± 30.2 | 87.8 ± 21.7 | 6.04 | 2, 126 | 0.0031 | 1.45 | 2, 126 | 0.2382 | |
| d prime | 2.91 ± 0.96 | 3.07 ± 1.17 | 3.04 ± 1.05 | 3.80 ± 0.53 | 3.93 ± 0.48 | 3.87 ± 0.44 | 1.21 | 2, 124 | 0.3028 | 0.08 | 2, 125 | 0.9277 | |
| 3-digit Hit rate (number) | 23.1 ± 5.8 | 23.7 ± 6.7 | 23.3 ± 7.1 | 26.4 ± 4.4 | 27.4 ± 4.0 | 27.0 ± 4.1 | 0.38 | 2, 124 | 0.6859 | 0.20 | 2, 124 | 0.8161 | |
| False alarms (ln) | 1.19 ± 0.96 | 1.04 ± 1.05 | 1.03 ± 0.90 | 0.64 ± 0.62 | 0.61 ± 0.63 | 0.51 ± 0.62 | 1.32 | 2, 125 | 0.2720 | 0.75 | 2, 125 | 0.4749 | |
| Random errors (ln) | 1.14 ± 1.14 | 0.80 ± 1.17 | 0.76 ± 1.08 | 0.20 ± 0.41 | 0.26 ± 0.44 | 0.19 ± 0.35 | 3.33 | 2, 125 | 0.0389 | 4.86 | 2, 125 | 0.0093 | |
| HRT (ms) | 556.5 ± 93.9 | 524.8 ± 102.4 | 519.2 ± 81.5 | 489.7 ± 67.5 | 455.9 ± 55.2 | 480.9 ± 69.7 | 7.10 | 2, 125 | 0.0012 | 1.56 | 2, 125 | 0.2148 | |
| SD HRT (ms) | 162.8 ± 65.0 | 137.3 ± 72.3 | 143.0 ± 72.3 | 106.1 ± 36.2 | 93.8 ± 34.4 | 103.7 ± 35.3 | 5.52 | 2, 125 | 0.0050 | 0.84 | 2, 125 | 0.4350 | |
| d prime | 2.26 ± 1.23 | 2.45 ± 1.34 | 2.54 ± 1.17 | 3.19 ± 0.82 | 3.38 ± 0.87 | 3.35 ± 0.80 | 1.88 | 2, 124 | 0.1566 | 0.02 | 2, 124 | 0.9769 | |
| 4-digit Hit rate (number) | 19.0 ± 6.5 | 21.9 ± 5.6 | 21.8 ± 6.1 | 23.5 ± 4.8 | 23.9 ± 5.2 | 24.2 ± 4.1 | 7.75 | 2, 123 | 0.0007 | 4.17 | 2, 123 | 0.0177 | |
| False alarms (ln) | 1.69 ± 0.82 | 1.84 ± 0.73 | 1.68 ± 0.81 | 1.46 ± 0.68 | 1.57 ± 0.70 | 1.42 ± 0.76 | 1.82 | 2, 124 | 0.1666 | 0.07 | 2, 125 | 0.9355 | |
| Random errors (ln) | 1.31 ± 1.04 | 1.03 ± 1.15 | 1.14 ± 1.06 | 0.45 ± 0.54 | 0.24 ± 0.42 | 0.37 ± 0.52 | 4.24 | 2, 125 | 0.0166 | 0.07 | 2, 125 | 0.9308 | |
| HRT (ms) | 591.4 ± 113.2 | 542.3 ± 96.6 | 552.4 ± 81.8 | 524.8 ± 74.7 | 502.8 ± 76.4 | 517.6 ± 70.4 | 8.61 | 2, 124 | 0.0003 | 1.54 | 2, 125 | 0.2195 | |
| SD HRT (ms) | 159.3 ± 52.2 | 147.8 ± 81.5 | 152.9 ± 58.7 | 122.6 ± 40.1 | 104.9 ± 36.2 | 114.7 ± 38.5 | 2.70 | 2, 126 | 0.0708 | 0.21 | 2, 126 | 0.8095 | |
| d prime | 1.41 ± 0.90 | 1.58 ± 0.96 | 1.75 ± 1.04 | 2.11 ± 0.80 | 2.05 ± 0.89 | 2.18 ± 0.76 | 2.30 | 2, 123 | 0.1049 | 1.41 | 2, 123 | 0.2472 | |
| Stroop | Interference score | 50.2 ± 6.8 | 52.8 ± 8.0 | 50.3 ± 8.3 | 54.4 ± 10.5 | 53.3 ± 9.2 | 53.5 ± 8.6 | 0.56 | 2, 125 | 0.5741 | 2.12 | 2, 125 | 0.1239 |
| N-back | 2-back Hit rate | 0.58 ± 0.27 | 0.63 ± 0.26 | 0.64 ± 0.25 | 0.83 ± 0.15 | 0.82 ± 0.19 | 0.80 ± 0.19 | 0.48 | 2, 120 | 0.6192 | 3.02 | 2, 120 | 0.0525 |
| Error rate | 0.26 ± 0.22 | 0.23 ± 0.22 | 0.20 ± 0.20 | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 0.17 ± 0.20 | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 1.75 | 2, 121 | 0.1780 | 1.77 | 2, 122 | 0.1739 | |
| HRT (ms) | 909.2 ± 250.9 | 931.2 ± 297.9 | 894.4 ± 282.1 | 864.6 ± 253.9 | 795.8 ± 241.7 | 825.7 ± 229.3 | 1.05 | 2, 120 | 0.3536 | 1.01 | 2, 121 | 0.3668 | |
| SD HRT (ms) | 477.2 ± 189.0 | 427.7 ± 177.9 | 450.3 ± 158.0 | 344.5 ± 130.5 | 342.0 ± 150.6 | 385.6 ± 174.1 | 1.89 | 2, 121 | 0.1553 | 1.34 | 2, 121 | 0.2651 | |
| VSWM | Mean distance, immediate (ln) | 2.83 ± 0.71 | 2.72 ± 0.66 | 2.87 ± 0.76 | 2.29 ± 0.54 | 2.28 ± 0.54 | 2.25 ± 0.53 | 1.04 | 2, 121 | 0.3567 | 0.63 | 2, 121 | 0.5347 |
| Mean dist., 30sec delay (ln) | 4.01 ± 0.64 | 4.01 ± 0.69 | 4.00 ± 0.76 | 3.58 ± 0.46 | 3.62 ± 0.53 | 3.64 ± 0.40 | 0.26 | 2, 120 | 0.7735 | 1.15 | 2, 120 | 0.3196 | |
| Difference (30sec – imm.) (ln) | 3.52 ± 0.92 | 3.64 ± 0.81 | 3.48 ± 1.00 | 3.24 ± 0.54 | 3.31 ± 0.60 | 3.36 ± 0.40 | 1.13 | 2, 123 | 0.3261 | 1.21 | 2, 123 | 0.3030 | |
CPT-IP, Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs; ln, natural logarithm; ms, milliseconds; HRT, hit reaction time; SD, standard deviation; VSWM, Visual Spatial Working Memory. Values are shown as raw means ± SD.