Table 4.
Ordinary least squares estimator of marginal effects for EQ-5D utility scores
| Unadjusted β [Robust SE] (n = 1706) | Partially adjusted β [Robust SE] (n = 1654) | Fully adjusted β [Robust SE] (n = 1545) | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Ethnicity (Referent = White Europeans) |
|
|
|
| All South Asians |
-0.06 [0.02]** |
0.02 [0.02] |
0.06 [0.04] |
|
Age (years) |
|
-0.002 [0.001]* |
-0.002 [0.001]** |
|
Gender (Referent = Male) |
|
|
|
| Female |
|
-0.10 [0.02]** |
-0.10 [0.02]** |
|
Marital status (Referent = Single) |
|
|
|
| Married |
|
-0.08 [0.03]** |
-0.07 [0.03]* |
| Widowed |
|
-0.03 [0.04] |
-0.02 [0.04] |
| Divorced |
|
-0.14 [0.07]* |
-0.18 [0.06]** |
|
Carstairs index (Referent = 10.0-17.0) |
|
|
|
| -5 – 0.49 |
|
0.20 [0.03]** |
0.05 [0.03] |
| 0.5 – 3.9 |
|
0.16 [0.03]** |
0.02 [0.03] |
| 4.0 – 6.9 |
|
0.10 [0.03]** |
0.01 [0.03] |
| 7.0 – 9.9 |
|
0.08 [0.03]** |
0.04 [0.03] |
|
Smoking status (Referent = Non Smoker) |
|
|
|
| Current smoker |
|
|
-0.02 [0.02] |
| Ex-smoker |
|
|
-0.05 [0.02]* |
|
Alcohol use (Referent = No) |
|
|
|
| Yes |
|
|
0.003 [0.02] |
|
BMI score (Referent 18.5 – 24.9) |
|
|
|
| < 18.5 |
|
|
-0.19 [0.13] |
| 25.0 – 29.9 |
|
|
-0.02 [0.02] |
| 30.0 – 34.9 |
|
|
-0.08 [0.02]** |
| 35.0 – 39.9 |
|
|
-0.14 [0.03]** |
| >40.0 |
|
|
-0.18 [0.04]** |
|
Duration of diabetes (Referent = 0-1 years) |
|
|
|
| 2 – 5 years |
|
|
-0.04 [0.02] |
| 6 – 10 years |
|
|
-0.04 [0.03] |
| 11 – 15 years |
|
|
-0.06 [0.03] |
| >15 years |
|
|
-0.04 [0.03] |
|
Diabetes treatment (Referent = Diet only) |
|
|
|
| Tablets |
|
|
-0.004 [0.02] |
| Insulin |
|
|
-0.08 [0.04]* |
| Tablets and Insulin |
|
|
-0.05 [0.03] |
|
Family history of diabetes (Referent = No) |
|
|
|
| Yes |
|
|
0.01 [0.02] |
|
History of chronic heart disease (Referent = No) |
|
|
|
| Yes |
|
|
-0.07 [0.02]** |
|
Albumin concentration (Referent = Normal) |
|
|
|
| Microalbuminuria |
|
|
0.03 [0.02] |
| Proteinuria |
|
|
-0.03 [0.04] |
| Constant | 0.73 [0.01]** | 0.79 [0.05]** | 0.89 [0.08]** |
*p-value <0.05; **p-value <0.01.