Table 2.
Univariate ordinal logistic regression of 3-month GOS-E upon clinical, demographic, socioeconomic, CT, and MRI predictors
| CLINICAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND SOCIOECONOMIC |
ADMISSION HEAD CT | EARLY MRI (12+/-3.9 days post-injury) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Category (number of patients) |
Univariate odds ratio per unit decrease in GOS-E (95% CI, p-value) |
Predictor | Category | Univariate odds ratio per unit decrease in GOS-E (95% CI, p-value) |
Predictor | Category | Univariate odds ratio per unit decrease in GOS-E (95% CI, p-value) |
| Age | Years | 1.01 (0.99- 1.02 per year, p = 0.55) |
Skull fracture | Yes (15) | 1.3 (0.5-3.3, p = 0.64) |
Brain contusion |
One or more (21) |
3.5** (1.5-8.1, p = 0.004) |
| Gender | Female(38) | 0.9 (0.4-1.7, p = 0.66) |
Epidural hematoma |
Yes (3) | 1.6 (0.2-12.6, p = 0.64) |
Axonal injury |
≥4 foci (DAI) (14) |
3.0* (1.1-8.3, p = 0.03) |
| Male(97) | 1.0 (reference) |
Subdural hematoma |
Yes (18) | 2.0 (0.9-5.9, p = 0.12) |
1 to 3 foci (TAI) (26) |
1.1 (0.98-1.3, p = 0.11) |
||
| GCS (ED arrival) |
13 (3) | 2.6(0.3-20.5, p = 0.35) |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
Yes (17) | 2.5* (0.99-6.2, p = 0.05) |
None (95) | 1.0 (reference) |
|
| 14 (26) | 1.8 (0.8-4.0, p = 0.16) |
Contusion | Yes (14) | 2.5 (0.9-6.8, p = 0.07) |
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| 15 (106) | 1.0 (reference) |
Axonal injury | 1 to 3† foci (TAI) (3) |
0.9 (0.1-7.5, p=0.95) |
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| None(132) | 1.0 (reference) | |||||||
| LOC or PTA | Yes/ Suspected (108) |
0.9 (0.4-1.9, p = 0.77) |
Any one or more CT abnormalities |
Yes (37) | 1.4 (0.7-2.7, p = 0.35) |
|||
| Prior TBI resulting in acute medical evaluation |
Yes (45) | 2.4* (1.2-4.6, p=0.01) |
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| Education | Adults ≥19 years old with less than diploma/ G.E.D. (12) |
3.2* (1.1-9.4, p=0.03) |
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| Diploma/ G.E.D., bachelor’s, advanced degree(121) |
1.0 (reference) |
|||||||
| Employment status |
Unemployed (24) |
3.2**(1.4-7.2, p=0.005) |
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| Part- or full-time employed; student; retiree (110) |
1.0 (reference) |
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Light-gray and dark-gray shaded boxes denote statistically significant univariate predictors at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 respectively.
*
p ≤ 0.05
**
p ≤ 0.01 CI – confidence interval GOS-E – Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale GCS – Glasgow Coma Scale ED – Emergency Department LOC – Loss of consciousness PTA – Posttraumatic amnesia G.E.D. – Graduate equivalency degree TAI – Traumatic axonal injury (1 to 3 foci) DAI – Diffuse axonal injury (≥ 4 foci)
†
CT showed evidence of hemorrhagic axonal injury in 3 study participants, all with 1 to 3 foci of injury.