Table 3.
Semantic Effects
| Latency | Location | Citations |
|---|---|---|
| 80–100 ms | Frontal, Parietal [MiPf, MiPa, LmPa, RmPa] | Hauk, Pulvermuller, Ford, Marslen-Wilson, & Davis (2009) |
| 104, 168 ms | Parietal, Occipital [MiPa, LmPa, RmPa, MiOc] | Segalowitz & Zheng, 2009 |
| 112 ms | Parietal [MiPa, LmPa, RmPa] | Sereno, Rayner, & Posner, 1998 |
| 160 ms | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital [MiPf, MiPa, RmPa, LmPa, MiOc] | Hauk, Davis, Ford, Pulvermuller, & Marslen-Wilson (2006); Hauk, Coutout, Holden, & Chen (2012) |
| N200: 150– 200 ms | Fronto-Central [MiPf] | Amsel (2011); Amsel, Urbach, & Kutas (2013) |
| N400*: ~300– 500 ms | Central Parietal, Occipital [MiPa, LmPa, RmPa, MiOc] | Barber, Donamayor, Kutas, & Munte (2010); Barber, Ben-zvi, Bentin, & Kutas (2010); Dambacher, Kliegl, Hofmann, & Jacobs (2006); Dambacher, Dimigen, Braun, Wille, Jacobs, & Kliegl (2012); Deacon, Dynowska, Ritter, & Grose-Fifer (2004); Delong, Urbach, & Kutas (2005); Federmeier & Kutas (1999); Hauk, Davis, Ford, Pulvermuller, & Marslen-Wilson (2006); Hauk, Coutout, Holden, & Chen (2012); Holcomb, Grainger, & O’Rourke (2002); Kounios & Holcomb (1994); Kutas & Hillyard (1980; 1983; 1984) Laszlo & Federmeier (2007;2008;2009;2011;2012); Lee & Federmeier (2009); Rugg & Nagy (1987); Review in Kutas & Federmeier (2000; 2011); Grainger & Holcomb (2009); Lau, Phillips, & Poeppel (2008); Examples from a larger set |
Meta-review of studies that have reported effects of semantic variables. Clearly, more studies have reported semantic effects in the N400 window than in all early windows combined (in fact, only a selection of N400 studies are included, along with several reviews). Reports of earlier effects are less consistent. Epochs in the Latency column with a * are those where semantic effects were found in the present study. In the Location column, topographic regions are given indicating where effects have been found for each latency; channels given in brackets underneath are those covering the relevant areas in the present study. MiPf: Middle Prefrontal, MiPa: Middle Parietal, LmPa: Left Middle Parietal, RmPa: Right Middle Parietal, MiOc: Middle Occipital.