Table 2. Clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic characteristics of male study subjects.
| Neither low muscle massnor visceral obesity | Low muscle mass | Visceral obesity | Low muscle mass andvisceral obesity | P-value | |
| (n = 55) | (n = 24) | (n = 9) | (n = 31) | ||
| Age (years) | 35.7±10.7a | 40.5±10.7ab | 42.6±8.4ab | 47.4±10.9b | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1±2.7a | 24.7±3.1a | 28.0±1.4b | 27.5±2.5b | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.0±6.4a | 89.6±6.8ab | 94.0±3.1bc | 97.6±7.0c | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117 (109, 131)a | 119 (108, 128)ab | 129 (128, 135)ab | 128 (119, 142)b | 0.004 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.9±9.2a | 74.7±8.0ab | 81.3±5.5b | 81.6±9.9b | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8±0.7 | 4.9±0.7 | 5.2±0.9 | 4.7±0.9 | 0.314 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1±0.3 | 1.2±0.3 | 1.0±0.2 | 1.1±0.3 | 0.328 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7)a | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6)a | 2.2 (1.6, 3.6)b | 1.9 (1.1, 2.8)b | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4.7, 5.2) | 5.0 (4.6, 5.4) | 5.3 (5.1, 5.6) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.6) | 0.062 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3)a | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5)ab | 2.0 (1.0, 2.9)bc | 1.8 (1.2, 2.6)c | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)a | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)ab | 0.1 (0.0, 0.3)b | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2)b | <0.001 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 1.5 (0.1, 1.9)a | 2.0 (1.6, 2.4)b | 1.7 (1.6, 2.1)ab | 1.8 (0.3, 2.5)ab | 0.014 |
| TNF-α(pg/mL) | 8.1±1.3 | 7.5±1.2 | 7.3±1.2 | 8.0±1.3 | 0.104 |
| Leptin (µg/L) | 2.5 (1.5, 3.5)a | 3.3 (2.1, 3.9)ab | 2.9 (2.4, 5.4)ab | 4.8 (3.2, 6.8)b | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 73 (59, 103)a | 103 (78, 119)a | 147 (137, 157)b | 158 (141, 206)b | <0.001 |
| Total skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 27.6±3.1ab | 25.0±4.4b | 30.2±2.8a | 27.3±3.7ab | 0.002 |
| SMI (%) | 39.0±2.1a | 34.6±1.9c | 37.2±0.5b | 33.9±1.8c | <0.001 |
| CRF (mL/kg/min) | 37.4±5.8a | 32.1±5.7b | 32.3±7.7b | 30.9±6.7b | <0.001 |
CRF, Cardiorespiratory fitness; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SMI, skeletal muscle index.
Data are presented as mean ± SD or Median (Inter-quartile range).
P-values were calculated from the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Kruskal-Wallis H test.
a,b,c,d
Same letter indicates no statistical difference based on Tukey’s HSD method or Wilcoxon rank-sum test.