Figure 2. Cell cycle events that influence nuclear morphology.

(a) REEP3/4 are required to clear ER membrane from metaphase chromatin. Failure to do so leads to intranuclear membrane invaginations extending into the interphase nucleus. Image adapted with permission from [56]. (b) Post-mitotic suppression of microtubule (red) polymerization by Dppa2 (green) is required for the formation of a nucleus with normal morphology. Chromatin is shown in blue. Image adapted with permission from [57]. (c) Depletion of LEM4 in C. elegans leads to misshapen, multi-lobed nuclei [58]. (d) Depletion of the ubiquitin ligase SCF^Slimb leads to increased condensin II activity in interphase, chromatin compaction, and deformed nuclear morphology [70]. (e) The brambleberry protein (red) is required for karyomere fusion during early zebrafish development. In the absence of brambleberry (bmb) multiple micronuclei form. Image adapted with permission from [71]. (f) The process of micronuclear formation and disruption is depicted. A micronucleus forms around a lagging chromosome at the end of mitosis. During interphase, disorganization of the nuclear lamina leads to NE collapse, chromatin compaction, and intercalation of tubular ER. Image adapted with permission from [104].