Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Full Cohort
| Covariates | Total (n = 39,131) |
Medical therapy (n = 15,139) | Revascularized patients (n = 23,992) | p value | PCI (n = 15,604) | CABG (n = 8,388) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||
| Mean age, yrs | 66.0 (10.3) | 67.0 (10.2) | 65.3 (10.3) | < 0.001 | 65.0 (10.7) | 66.0 ( 9.7) | < 0.001 |
| Male gender | 75.3 | 74.3 | 75.9 | < 0.001 | 72.9 | 81.3 | < 0.001 |
| Rural | 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 0.69 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 0.92 |
| Income* | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 1 | 18.6 | 19.6 | 17.9 | 18.4 | 17.1 | ||
| 2 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 20.6 | ||
| 3 | 20.2 | 20.3 | 20.2 | 20.3 | 19.9 | ||
| 4 | 20.7 | 20.2 | 21.0 | 20.8 | 21.3 | ||
| 5 | 20.1 | 19.4 | 20.5 | 20.2 | 21.1 | ||
| Medical comorbidities | |||||||
| PVD | 9.4 | 11.5 | 8.1 | < 0.001 | 7.6 | 9.0 | < 0.001 |
| Previous MI | 28.1 | 35.8 | 23.3 | < 0.001 | 24.8 | 20.4 | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 6.9 | 8.6 | 5.8 | < 0.001 | 6.1 | 5.1 | < 0.001 |
| Malignancy | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.0 | < 0.001 | 3.0 | 3.0 | < 0.001 |
| Mean Charlson score | 0.9 ( 1.3) | 1.1 (1.5) | 0.8 ( 1.2) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac risk factors | |||||||
| Diabetes | 44.0 | 48.0 | 41.4 | < 0.001 | 40.5 | 43.1 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 86.7 | 89.5 | 84.9 | < 0.001 | 84.9 | 85.1 | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 80.8 | 83.0 | 79.5 | < 0.001 | 79.9 | 78.7 | < 0.001 |
| History smoking | 31.6 | 33.2 | 30.5 | < 0.001 | 30.3 | 31.0 | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac status/testing | |||||||
| Native stenosis† | |||||||
| LM | 13.0 | 10.8 | 14.4 | < 0.001 | 5.5 | 31.0 | < 0.001 |
| Prox LAD | 33.2 | 28.7 | 36.0 | < 0.001 | 29.7 | 47.6 | < 0.001 |
| Mid/distal LAD | 49.6 | 47.5 | 51.0 | < 0.001 | 46.0 | 60.3 | < 0.001 |
| Circumflex | 51.5 | 50.9 | 51.9 | 0.07 | 43.6 | 67.2 | < 0.001 |
| RCA | 60.8 | 60.5 | 60.9 | 0.43 | 54.7 | 72.6 | < 0.001 |
| Had previous CABG | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 18.0 | 30.1 | 10.4 | 15.1 | 1.6 | ||
| No | 81.9 | 69.9 | 89.5 | 84.9 | 98.2 | ||
| LV function | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| ≤ 34 % | 5.4 | 8.4 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.9 | ||
| 35–49 % | 12.9 | 16.0 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 11.7 | ||
| ≥ 50 % | 48.6 | 46.5 | 50.0 | 49.7 | 50.5 | ||
| NA | 33.0 | 29.1 | 35.5 | 36.4 | 33.8 | ||
| Exercise ECG risk | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| High risk | 27.7 | 21.3 | 31.7 | 28.8 | 37.1 | ||
| Low risk | 22.4 | 22.9 | 22.2 | 23.0 | 20.7 | ||
| Uninterpretable | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 4.2 | ||
| NA | 45.0 | 51.1 | 41.2 | 42.9 | 38.0 | ||
| Functional imaging risk | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| High risk | 32.0 | 31.2 | 32.6 | 31.1 | 35.3 | ||
| Low risk | 23.0 | 25.1 | 21.7 | 23.2 | 19.1 | ||
| Unknown/NA | 44.9 | 43.7 | 45.7 | 45.7 | 45.7 | ||
| CCS class | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 0 | 16.5 | 22.0 | 13.0 | 11.3 | 16.2 | ||
| 1 | 14.0 | 15.9 | 12.8 | 12.3 | 13.8 | ||
| 2 | 38.3 | 35.5 | 40.0 | 40.8 | 38.5 | ||
| 3 | 28.5 | 24.2 | 31.1 | 32.3 | 29.0 | ||
| 4 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 2.5 | ||
| Physician-level factors: Referral physician | |||||||
| Specialty | 0.014 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Cardiology | 41.3 | 40.5 | 41.9 | 42.1 | 41.6 | ||
| Internal medicine | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 10.4 | ||
| GP/FP | 25.7 | 26.1 | 25.5 | 25.6 | 25.3 | ||
| Hospital-level factors | |||||||
| Mean Cath volume | 4,092.3 | 4,031.3 | 4,130.9 | < 0.001 | 4,120.9 | 4,149.5 | < 0.001 |
| Hospital type | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Cath only | 13.2 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 12.2 | ||
| PCI and Cath only | 6.1 | 7.2 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 6.1 | ||
| CABG, PCI and Cath | 80.8 | 79.3 | 81.7 | 81.7 | 81.8 | ||
All covariates are presented as percentages, with the exception of mean values
CABG coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI myocardial infarction; PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, PVD peripheral vascular disease, LM left main, LAD left anterior descending, RCA right coronary artery, LV left ventricular, ECG electrocardiogram, CCS Canadian Cardiovascular Society, Cath catheterization, GP/FP general practitioner/family practitioner
*Income quintile: 1 = lowest, 5 = highest
†LM if ≥ 50 % stenosis, Prox LAD if ≥ 70 % stenosis, Mid/distal LAD if ≥ 70 % stenosis, Circumflex if ≥ 70 % stenosis, RCA if ≥ 70 % stenosis