Table 2.
Characteristics of men as categorized by WC and WHR
| N (%) |
WC categories (cm)
a
|
WHR categories
b
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal WC (<85) | Mild abdominal obesity (85–95) | Severe abdominal obesity (≥95) | P -value | Normal WHR (<0.90) | Abdominal obesity (≥0.90) | P -value | |
| Total |
842(55.7) |
452(29.9) |
217(14.4) |
|
1011(66.9) |
500(33.1) |
|
| City |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shanghai |
119(41.0) |
111(38.3) |
60(20.7) |
<0.001 |
163(56.2) |
127(43.8) |
<0.001 |
| Beijing |
96(37.4) |
108(42.0) |
53(20.6) |
|
153(59.5) |
104(40.5) |
|
| Wuhan |
208(64.0) |
70(21.5) |
47(14.5) |
|
244(75.1) |
81(24.9) |
|
| Xian |
198(64.1) |
71(23.0) |
40(12.9) |
|
213(68.9) |
96(31.1) |
|
| Guangzhou |
221(67.0) |
92(27.9) |
17(5.1) |
|
238(72.1) |
92(27.9) |
|
| Region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban |
374(49.3) |
255(33.6) |
130(17.1) |
<0.001 |
509(67.1) |
250(32.9) |
0.899 |
| Rural |
468(62.2) |
197(26.2) |
87(11.6) |
|
502(66.8) |
250(33.2) |
|
| Age (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 18–29 |
264(75.0) |
55(15.6) |
33(9.4) |
<0.001 |
295(83.8) |
57(16.2) |
<0.001 |
| 30–39 |
214(58.6) |
106(29.0) |
45(12.3) |
|
270(74.0) |
95(26.0) |
|
| 40–49 |
180(52.2) |
113(32.7) |
52(15.1) |
|
219(63.5) |
126(36.5) |
|
| 50–59 |
101(44.9) |
83(36.9) |
41(18.2) |
|
122(54.2) |
103(45.8) |
|
| 60–80 |
83(37.1) |
95(42.4) |
46(20.5) |
|
105(46.9) |
119(53.1) |
|
| Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Married |
590(51.0) |
385(33.3) |
181(15.7) |
<0.001 |
724(62.6) |
432(37.4) |
<0.001 |
| Unmarried |
235(74.4) |
52(16.5) |
29(9.2) |
|
264(83.5) |
52(16.5) |
|
| Separated/divorced/widowed |
16(42.1) |
15(39.5) |
7(18.4) |
|
22(57.9) |
16(42.1) |
|
| Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Primary school/uneducated |
102(54.5) |
60(32.1) |
25(13.4) |
0.021 |
109(58.3) |
78(41.7) |
0.026 |
| Secondary/high school |
575(58.6) |
277(28.2) |
130(13.2) |
|
666(67.8) |
316(32.2) |
|
| College graduate |
165(48.3) |
115(33.6) |
62(18.1) |
|
236(69.0) |
106(31.0) |
|
| Occupationc |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Office worker |
249(52.0) |
158(33.0) |
72(15.0) |
0.105 |
317(66.2) |
162(33.8) |
0.690 |
| Manual worker |
591(57.5) |
293(28.5) |
144(14.0) |
|
691(67.2) |
337(32.8) |
|
| Family income/month (Yuan) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ~1999 |
457(61.8) |
185(25.0) |
98(13.2) |
<0.001 |
500(67.6) |
240(32.4) |
0.801 |
| 2000~ |
316(50.9) |
208(33.5) |
97(15.6) |
|
414(66.7) |
207(33.3) |
|
| 5000~ |
66(45.5) |
58(40.0) |
21(14.5) |
|
94(64.8) |
51(35.2) |
|
| Smokingd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-smokers |
350(58.9) |
170(28.6) |
74(12.5) |
0.028 |
426(71.7) |
168(28.3) |
0.001 |
| Smokers |
492(53.6) |
282(30.8) |
143(15.6) |
|
585(63.8) |
332(36.2) |
|
| Drinkinge |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-drinkers |
531(59.7) |
242(27.2) |
117(13.1) |
0.001 |
629(70.7) |
261(29.3) |
<0.001 |
| Drinkers |
311(50.2) |
209(33.7) |
100(16.1) |
|
381(61.5) |
239(38.5) |
|
| Physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
115(50.9) |
70(31.0) |
41(18.1) |
0.078 |
132(58.4) |
94(41.6) |
0.007 |
| <4 times/month |
87(54.4) |
51(31.9) |
22(13.8) |
|
115(71.9) |
45(28.1) |
|
| ≥1 time/week |
139(58.6) |
64(27.0) |
34(14.4) |
|
171(72.1) |
66(27.9) |
|
| ≥1 time/day |
499(56.6) |
265(30.0) |
118(13.4) |
|
591(67.0) |
291(33.0) |
|
| Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
784(60.3) |
364(28.0) |
152(11.7) |
<0.001 |
916(70.5) |
384(29.5) |
<0.001 |
| Yes |
58(27.5) |
88(41.7) |
65(30.8) |
|
95(45.0) |
116(55.0) |
|
| Angina pectoris |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
836(56.1) |
440(29.6) |
213(14.3) |
0.036 |
1001(67.2) |
488(32.8) |
0.031 |
| Yes |
6(27.3) |
12(54.5) |
4(18.2) |
|
10(45.5) |
12(54.5) |
|
| Cerebrovascular disease |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
830(56.3) |
436(29.6) |
208(14.1) |
0.005 |
992(67.3) |
482(32.7) |
0.042 |
| Yes |
12(32.4) |
16(43.3) |
9(24.3) |
|
19(51.4) |
18(48.6) |
|
| Chronic bronchitis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
809(56.3) |
427(29.7) |
201(14.0) |
0.026 |
972(67.6) |
465(32.4) |
0.008 |
| Yes |
33(44.6) |
25(33.8) |
16(21.6) |
|
39(52.7) |
35(47.3) |
|
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
808(55.7) |
433(29.8) |
210(14.5) |
0.693 |
974(67.1) |
477(32.9) |
0.379 |
| Yes |
34(56.7) |
19(31.7) |
7(11.7) |
|
37(61.7) |
23(38.3) |
|
| Osteoarthritis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
826(56.0) |
437(29.6) |
213(14.4) |
0.561 |
993(67.3) |
483(32.7) |
0.049 |
| Yes |
16(45.7) |
15(42.9) |
4(11.4) |
|
18(51.4) |
17(48.6) |
|
| Diabetes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
832(56.9) |
426(29.1) |
205(14.0) |
<0.001 |
990(67.7) |
473(32.3) |
<0.001 |
| Yes | 10(20.8) | 26(54.2) | 12(25.0) | 21(43.8) | 27(56.2) | ||
WC, waist circumference.
WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
aCochran–Mantel–Haenszel test was used.
bChi-square test was used.
cOffice worker: individuals who engaged in one of the following occupations—government employees, professional or technician, students in school, and personnel. Manual worker: individuals who engaged in one of the following occupations—agricultural or fisheries workers, blue-collar worker, or personal services.
dNon-smoker: individuals who had never smoked or had stopped smoking. Smoker: individuals who smoked at least 1 cigarette per day.
eNon-drinker: individuals who did not drink alcohol. Drinker: individuals who drank at least 1 time per month.