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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 18.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012 Mar 10;101(4):588–601. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.005

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Mean (± SEM) effects of estrous cycle phase on Trial 1 forced swim behaviors in female rats. Means with different letters are statistically significant (p < 0.05). In Experiment 3 (7a-d), females given 4% creatine were less vulnerable to the negative effects of forced swim testing during proestrus-estrus phases, when ovarian hormones are highest. In particular, during proestrus-estrus but not metestrus-diestrus, 4% creatine had a positive effect on latency to immobility (a) and swimming (c). In Experiment 4 (7e-h), there was a less clear effect of diet on estrous cycle phase during forced swim testing. In females given 4% creatine, swimming was only increased during proestrus-estrus, but these animals displayed less immobility (f) during both hormonal phases.