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. 2013 Mar 5;3(1):177–190. doi: 10.3390/brainsci3010177

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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(a–c) Total latencies (in seconds) across 4 trials/day are shown. (a) A significant difference between HI saline and sham was seen [F(1,21) = 3.274, p < 0.05, one tailed], with HI saline performing significantly worse than shams. (b) A significant difference between HI saline and HI caffeine treated animals was seen [F(1,28) = 8.477, p < 0.01], with HI saline animals performing significantly worse than HI caffeine. (c) No significant differences in treatment were seen between HI caffeine and sham animals [F(1,21) = 0.363, p > 0.05]. For all graphs, error bars represent standard error.