Table 1.
Neuroprotective drug candidates and details of their clinical trials.
| Categories | Drugs | Current status/Result of clinical trial |
|---|---|---|
| Antioxidants | NXY-059 (Cerovive) | Trial in a larger number of cases indicated no significant activity. The program was terminated. |
| Tirilazad | The drug increased the combined endpoint of “death or disability” by about one-fifth. | |
| Nicaraven | The drug did not demonstrate enough therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. | |
| Ebselen | A phase III trial exploring the efficacy in patients with cortical infarct is under way. | |
| SUN-N8075 | A phase I trial is under way in the United States. | |
| Calcium Antagonists | Nimodipine | A clinical trial once suggested a beneficial effect, but none of the subsequent trials confirmed this result. |
| Monosialoganglioside GM1 | There is not enough evidence to conclude that gangliosides are beneficial in acute stroke. | |
| Nootropil (Piracetam) | There is not enough evidence to assess the effect of piracetam in acute ischemic stroke. | |
| E-2051 | A phase I clinical trial is under way in Europe. | |
| N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists | Selfotel | The drug was not effective and might have a neurotoxic effect in brain ischemia. |
| Gavestinel | There is no evidence of benefit. Further development has been discontinued. | |
| Magnesium | No beneficial effects on the functional outcome of stroke in patients were accrued except in cases of lacunar syndromes. | |
| GABA Agonists | Clomethiazole | The drug did not improve outcome in patients with major ischemic stroke. |
| Sodium Channel Blockers | lubeluzole | The drug failed to show the efficacy in the treatment of acute stroke. |
| Opioid Antagonists | nalmefene | A phase III study was completed, but the results were not published. |
| Membrane Stabilizers | Citicoline | The drug was not efficacious in the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute ischemic stroke. |
| DP-b99 | The Phase III trial is under way. | |
| Poly ADP-ribose Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitors | ONO-2231 | A Phase I clinical trial is under way in the UK. |
| AX200 (Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)) | The drug failed to show the efficacy in the treatment of acute stroke. | |
| Immunosuppressants | FK506 (Tacrolimus) | A human stroke trial was stopped in phase II. |
| Cyclosporin A | A Phase II clinical trial, Neuroprotection Impact of Cyclosporin A in Cerebral Infarction (CsAStroke), is under way. | |
| PTP inhibitors | Pramipexole(Mirapex) | No information about clinical trial for an inhibitor of PTP. |
| S-15176 | No information about clinical trial for an inhibitor of PTP. | |
| Others | Albumin | A Phase III randomized multicenter clinical trial of high-dose human albumin therapy for neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke. |
| ONO-2506 (Proglia) | A Phase III crinical trial in acute stroke patients was completed and failed to show the efficacy of the drug in the treatment of acute stroke. | |
| SUN-N4057 (Piclozotan) | Phase II clinical trials are under way in the USA and Europe. | |
| TS-011 | Phase I clinical trials of TS-011 are under way. |