TABLE 3—
Negative Binomial Regressions for Primary COPD Hospitalization Cases Among Patients Aged 45 Years or Older: Kentucky, July 1, 2003–June 30, 2011
| With Strength of Law |
With Duration of Law |
|||
| Variable | RR (95% CI) | P | RR (95% CI) | P |
| Personal characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 0.893 (0.878, 0.908) | < .001 | 0.893 (0.878, 0.908) | < .001 |
| Female | … | … | … | … |
| Age, y | ||||
| 45–64 | 0.392 (0.380, 0.404) | < .001 | 0.392 (0.380, 0.404) | < .001 |
| 65–84 | 1.217 (1.184, 1.251) | < .001 | 1.217 (1.184, 1.251) | < .001 |
| ≥ 85 | … | … | … | … |
| Log of length of stay | 0.823 (0.771, 0.879) | < .001 | 0.826 (0.774, 0.882) | < .001 |
| Regional characteristics | ||||
| Percentage Hispanic | 1.524 (1.248, 1.861) | < .001 | 1.524 (1.248, 1.861) | < .001 |
| Percentage of adults with any postsecondary education | 0.682 (0.559, 0.832) | < .001 | 0.682 (0.559, 0.832) | < .001 |
| Median incomea | 0.968 (0.900, 1.040) | .4 | 0.969 (0.901, 1.042) | .4 |
| Urban | 2.808 (0.381, 20.688) | .3 | 2.825 (0.384, 20.810) | .3 |
| Primary care provider supply | 1.026 (1.013, 1.039) | < .001 | 1.026 (1.013, 1.039) | < .001 |
| Heart disease rate | 0.772 (0.689, 0.866) | < .001 | 0.770 (0.687, 0.864) | < .001 |
| Diabetes rate | 7.013 (4.671, 10.527) | < .001 | 7.031 (4.685, 10.552) | < .001 |
| Adult smoking rateb | 0.998 (0.992, 1.004) | .5 | 0.998 (0.992, 1.004) | .5 |
| Quit attempt rate | 1.002 (1.000, 1.003) | .1 | 1.001 (1.000, 1.003) | .1 |
| Quarter of year | ||||
| January–March | 1.186 (1.160, 1.213) | < .001 | 1.186 (1.160, 1.213) | < .001 |
| April–June | 0.942 (0.921, 0.964) | < .001 | 0.943 (0.922, 0.965) | < .001 |
| July–Sept | 0.790 (0.771, 0.809) | < .001 | 0.790 (0.772, 0.809) | < .001 |
| October–December | … | … | … | … |
| Time (quarter number) | 1.001 (1.000, 1.003) | .1 | 1.001 (0.999, 1.002) | .3 |
| Comprehensive law | 0.781 (0.647, 0.942) | .01 | … | … |
| Moderate–weak law | 0.883 (0.753, 1.035) | .1 | … | … |
| Established law (≥ 12 mo) | … | … | 0.789 (0.680, 0.914) | .002 |
| New law (< 12 mo) | … | … | 0.847 (0.678, 1.058) | .1 |
| Comprehensive × smoking rate | 1.010 (1.002, 1.019) | .01 | … | … |
| Moderate–weak × smoking rate | 1.003 (0.997, 1.010) | .4 | … | … |
| Established law × smoking rate | … | … | 1.010 (1.004, 1.017) | .001 |
| New law × smoking rate | … | … | 1.003 (0.995, 1.012) | .5 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RR = relative risk. Fifty-seven indicators for region of residence were included in the model.
a
Weighted median income in $1000s for region of residence from 2009 US Census.
b
Weighted 3-year aggregate adult smoking rate for region of residence from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.