Table 1.

Clinical features, age of onset, lifetime prevalence and pharmacological management of major mental disorders

Disorder	Core features	Associated features	Typical age of onset (years)	Lifetime prevalence (%)	Pharmacological management
ADHD	InattentionHyperactivityImpulsivity	Cognitive impairment	7 to 12	5 [5]	Psychostimulants (for example, methylphenidate)
ASD	Deficits in social communication and social interaction Restricted and repetitive behaviors	Cognitive impairment Hallucinations Delusions	<3	1 to 2 [6-8]	No recommended drug treatment Medication used to treat comorbidities if present
Schizophrenia	Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized speech or behavior Apathy Lack of emotional reactivity	Cognitive impairment Discrete episodes of elevated, irritable or agitated mood Episodes of low mood	16 to 30	0.7 [9]	Antipsychotics (for example, risperidone)
Bipolar disorder	Discrete episodes of elevated, irritable or agitated mood	Episodes of low mood Hallucinations Delusions	18 to 40	1 [10]	Mood stabilizers (for example, lithium)Antipsychotics (for example, olanzapine)
Major depressive disorder	Low mood Loss of interest or pleasure Lack of energy	Psychosis	20 to 45	12.5 [10]	Antidepressants (for example, citalopram)

ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder.