Table 3.

Disorders and mechanisms involved in hyperuricemia.

Disorder	Mechanism
Gout Primary Secondary - Usage of specific drugs or intoxication (19) -Renal failure (20) -Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (90) - Autosomal-dominant medullar cystic kidney disease (91)	Alcohol reduced renal urate excretion in lactic acidemia; Several antihypertensives interfere with renal tubular ion transport; Immunosuppressants (i.e. cyclosporine), reduce renal clearance of serum urate. Impaired kidney function. Mutation of gene for uromodulin. Mutations of genes for polycystins 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2).
Cardiovascular disorders (8,64,69) Coronary heart disease Congestive heart failure Stroke Peripheral artery disease	Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inhibition of NO-synthesis.
Hypertension (8,64,69,72,89)	Endothelial disfunction (60); Activation of renin-angiotensin system (55); Impaired glomerular filtration rate (63); Inhibition of NO-synthesis.
Chronic kidney disease (8)	Increased monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and human proximal tubular epithelial cells.
Metabolic syndrome and its components (79) Insulin resistance Obesity Hyperlipidemia Hypertension	Increased intracellular adenosine (uric acid precursor a derivative of higher AMP concentrations due to increased synthesis of fatty acid-acyl-CoA in peripheral tissues.
Therapy of cancer	Purine derivatives