Table 3. Mean time (min/h) pharmacist order entry tasks: CPOE vs non-CPOE pharmacies.
|
Mean, minutes per hour ± SD (total no. of tasks) |
|||
| Task (by activity) | CPOE | Non-CPOE | Pa |
| Distributive | |||
| Order entry | 26.96 ± 9.07 (317) | 36.27 ± 9.01 (356) | .003 |
| Tech check, non-IV room | 6.67 ± 7.45 (77) | 2.56 ± 3.29 (39) | .055 |
| Clarification, nurse | 2.04 ± 2.63 (27) | 2.47 ± 2.36 (49) | .265 |
| Medication preparation | 1.69 ± 7.41 (9) | 0.08 ± 0.32 (2) | .567 |
| Tech check, IV room | 1.42 ± 2.99 (17) | 1.15 ± 2.10 (16) | .617 |
| Order verification | 1.34 ± 3.14 (17) | 0.29 ± 0.87 (3) | .133 |
| Medication request, nurse | 1.21 ± 1.83 (23) | 2.62 ± 3.26 (37) | .204 |
| Answer dispensing questions | 1.10 ± 2.06 (26) | 1.31 ± 2.03 (28) | .524 |
| Other, distributive | 0.37 ± 1.39 (3) | 0.91 ± 1.58 (13) | .013 |
| IT support | 0.32 ± 0.88 (4) | 0.31 ± 0.70 (7) | .617 |
| Medication delivery | 0.24 ± 0.40 (7) | 0.10 ± 0.32 (3) | .156 |
| Clarification, physician | 0 | 0 | N/Ab |
| Medication request, technician | 0 | 0 | N/Ab |
| Administrative | |||
| Q & A with pharmacy management | 4.21 ± 3.95 (114) | 0.81 ± 1.01 (27) | .001 |
| E-mails | 1.17 ± 2.55 (20) | 0.86 ± 2.23 (10) | .461 |
| Other, administrative | 0.96 ± 1.77 (21) | 3.33 ± 5.65 (56) | .056 |
| Phone triage | 0.92 ± 0.94 (38) | 0.08 ± 0.26 (4) | <.001 |
| Meeting | 0.86 ± 2.11 (11) | 0.65 ± 1.81 (12) | .814 |
| Shift report | 0.45 ± 1.48 (6) | 0 | .160 |
| Clinical | |||
| eMAR /lab review | 2.45 ± 2.25 (58) | 0.75 ± 1.24 (24) | .002 |
| Medication therapy recommendation | 2.13 ± 3.36 (26) | 1.82 ± 1.98 (32) | .796 |
| Drug information | 1.78 ± 2.27 (36) | 1.49 ± 2.61 (28) | .377 |
| Other, clinical | 0.43 ± 1.88 (4) | 0.04 ± 0.14 (2) | .913 |
| Clinical intervention, documentation | 0.29 ± 0.63 (7) | 0.11 ± 0.43 (2) | .204 |
| Direct patient care | 0.22 ± 0.90 (3) | 0 | .160 |
| Pharmacotherapy consult | 0.08 ± 0.41 (1) | 0.02 ± 0.09 (1) | .976 |
| Miscellaneous | |||
| Personal time | 0.78 ± 1.17 (14) | 0.84 ± 1.54 (12) | .544 |
| Colleague/staff for nonpatient | 0.15 ± 0.34 (10) | 0.75 ± 1.28 (24) | 0.118 |
| Internet | 0 | 0 | N/Ab |
| Other, miscellaneous | 0 | 0.04 ± 0.14 (2) | .178 |
Note: CPOE = computerized provider order entry; eMAR = electronic medication administration record; IT = information technology; IV = intravenous.
a
P calculated using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. P < .05 is considered statistically significant.
b
P is not available due to no observations in CPOE and non-CPOE settings.