Figure 3.

Fitted Learning Curves for Each Experiment

Mixed-effects models indicate learning only in the case of downward-facing (DF) “flowers” (C and D; experimental blocks 1 and 2, respectively), with lower rates of learning for the DFIC treatment (E) in which polarization cues were mixed with brightness cues. Bees could not learn polarization cues from upward-facing (UF) “flowers” (A and B; experimental blocks 1 and 2, respectively). Graphs show means ± 95% confidence limits in all cases. An effect of experience on success rate indicates the acquisition of useful information over time, so it can be concluded that in treatments DF1, DF2, and DFIC, the animals were able to learn the differences in polarization pattern between the rewarding and aversive targets, whereas in treatments UF1 and UF2 they were not.