Table 5.
Study | Year | City/State/Country | Region | Race | U | %U | B | %B | R | %R | L | %L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stott and Bidwell [29] | 2003 | Auckland, New Zealand | Australia/NZ | All | 64 | 55.7 | 51 | 44.3 | 22 | 34.4 | 42 | 65.6 |
White | 28 | 49.1 | 29 | 50.9 | 10 | 35.7 | 18 | 64.3 | ||||
Maori | 36 | 60.0 | 24 | 40.0 | 8 | 22.2 | 28 | 77.8 | ||||
Pacific Islanders | 47 | 52.8 | 42 | 47.2 | 18 | 38.3 | 29 | 61.7 | ||||
| ||||||||||||
Noguchi and Sakamaki [38] | 2002 | Japan | Asia | Indo-Malay (Japanese) | 270 | 86.0 | 44 | 14.0 | 127 | 47.0 | 143 | 53.0 |
Jerre et al. [42] | 1996 | Gothenburg, Sweden | Scandinavia | White | 173 | 98.9 | 2 | 1.1 | 69 | 39.9 | 104 | 60.1 |
Hägglund et al. [34] | 1984 | Southern Sweden | Scandinavia | White | 451 | 84.8 | 81 | 15.2 | 171 | 33.5 | 339 | 66.5 |
| ||||||||||||
Loder [30] | 1996 | Worldwide | Worldwide | White | 663 | 83.2 | 134 | 16.8 | 239 | 37.8 | 394 | 62.2 |
African | 264 | 65.8 | 137 | 34.2 | 109 | 41.3 | 155 | 58.7 | ||||
Amerindian | 227 | 83.5 | 45 | 16.5 | 96 | 42.5 | 130 | 57.5 | ||||
Indo-Malay | 98 | 81.7 | 22 | 18.3 | 49 | 50.0 | 49 | 50.0 | ||||
NA/PI | 21 | 61.8 | 13 | 38.2 | 8 | 38.1 | 13 | 61.9 | ||||
Indo-Med | 13 | 61.9 | 8 | 38.1 | 5 | 38.5 | 8 | 61.5 | ||||
All | 1267 | 77.7 | 363 | 22.3 | 510 | 40.3 | 756 | 59.7 | ||||
| ||||||||||||
Loder et al. [46] | 2006 | Michigan and India | North America | All | 149 | 61.3 | 94 | 38.7 | 63 | 42.3 | 86 | 57.7 |
Lim et al. [33] | 2008 | Singapore | Asia | All | 42 | 79.2 | 11 | 20.8 | 25 | 45.5 | 30 | 54.5 |
Burrows [47] | 1957 | London, England | Europe | 77 | 77.0 | 23 | 23.0 | 29 | 37.7 | 48 | 62.3 | |
Carlioz et al. [48] | 1984 | Paris, France | Europe | 54 | 80.6 | 13 | 19.4 | 22 | 40.7 | 32 | 59.3 | |
Aronson and Carlson [13] | 1992 | Detroit, Michigan | North America | All | 30 | 68.2 | 14 | 31.8 | ||||
Aronson et al. [49] | 1992 | Detroit, Michigan | North America | All | 30 | 54.5 | 25 | 45.5 | ||||
Carney et al. [26] | 1991 | Iowa | North America | 93 | 75.0 | 31 | 25.0 | |||||
Dreghorn et al.[50] | 1987 | Glasgow, Scotland | Europe | 58 | 75.3 | 19 | 24.7 | |||||
Kulick and Denton [51] | 1982 | New York | North America | All | 63 | 67.0 | 31 | 33.0 | ||||
Koval et al. [52] | 1989 | New York | North America | All | 29 | 59.2 | 20 | 40.8 | 36 | 45.0 | 44 | 55.0 |
Song et al. [44] | 2009 | South Korea | Indo-Malay | 187 | 81.0 | 44 | 19.0 | 77 | 41.2 | 110 | 58.8 | |
| ||||||||||||
Totals | 3037 | 77.8 | 866 | 22.2 | 1151 | 39.9 | 1734 | 60.1 |