Table 1.

Effect of growth factors in musculoskeletal tissues.

Growth factor	Skeletal muscle	Hyaline cartilage	Meniscus	Ligament	Bone
IGF-1	+	+	±	±	+
bFGF	+	+	+	±	+
NGF	+		−	−
PDGF	−		−	±
EGF	−	+	+	+
TGF-alpha	−		+	−
TGF-beta	±	+	±	±	+
BMP-2		+	+		+

⁺Positive effect; ⁻no or negative effect; blank: not tested; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; NGF: nerve growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; EGF: epidermal growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein-2.