TABLE 3. Stem Cell Signaling and Modulation of Immune Functions.
| Cell Signaling | Pathway | Stem Cella | Target Cell | Described Functionb | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Juxtacrine | FAS/FASL | MSCs/NPCs | T cell | T cell apoptosis | (Akiyama et al., 2012; Knight et al., 2010; Pluchino et al., 2005) |
| Juxtacrine | PD-1/PD-L1 PDL-2 | MSCs | T cells | Inhibition of T cell activation and effector function(s) | (Luz-Crawford et al., 2012; Sheng et al., 2008) |
| Juxtacrine | ICAM/VCAM | MSCs | T cells | Inhibition of T cell activation and effector function(s) | (Ren et al., 2010) |
| Juxtacrine | Cx43 | MSCs/NPCs | Neurons, macrophages | Transfer of Ca++, inhibition of M1-like functions | (Cusimano et al., 2012; Jaderstad et al., 2010) |
| aracrine | IDO-kynurenine | MSCs (h) | T cells, DCs | T cell apoptosis, inhibition of antigen presentation | (Lanz et al., 2010; Matysiak et al., 2008, 2011; Meisel et al., 2004; Plumas et al., 2005) |
| Paracrine | COX2-PGE2 | MSCs/NPCs | T cells | Inhibition T cell proliferation, inhibition Th17 cell functions | (Aggarwal and Pittenger, 2005; Bouffi et al., 2010; Duffy etal., 2011; Martinet et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009) |
| Paracrine | iNOS-NO | MSCs (r) | T cells | Inhibition T cell proliferation | (Ren et al., 2008) |
| Paracrine | HO | MSCs/NPCs | T cells | Inhibition T cell proliferation, generation of Tr1 and Th3 Tregs | (Bonnamain et al., 2012; Chabannes et al., 2007; Moll et al., 2011) |
| Paracrine | VEGF | NPCs | Microglia/macrophages | Inhibition of microglial activation, proliferation and phagocytosis | (Horie et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2009a; Mosher et al., 2012) |
| Paracrine | LIF | NPCs | Th17 cells | Inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation | (Cao et al., 2011; Horie et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2009a; Mosher et al., 2012) |
| Paracrine | Galectins | MSCs/NPCs | T cells | Inhibition of T cell proliferation | (Gieseke et al., 2010; Sioud 2011; Yamane et al., 2010, 2011) |
| Endocrine/Paracrine | TSG-6 | MSCs | Macrophages | Inhibition of macrophage activation, proliferation and phagocytosis | (Fisher-Shoval et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2009; Roddy et al., 2011) |
| EVs | miR transfer | MSCs/NPCs | Multiple | Post-transcriptional regulation | (Bruno et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2010; Xin et al., 2012) |
a
Evidence from bone marrow-derived MSCs only are quoted.
b
Function described in stem cell immune interactions.