. 2014 Jun 5;9:21. doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-21

Table 2.

RyR expression in Alzheimer disease

AD samples/models	Brain regions/study systems	*AD stage ()**	RyR expression ()**	References
Human AD post-mortem brains	Hippocampal regions (Subiculum, CA1, CA2)	Early stages (I-II)	↑ [³H] RyR binding	[107]
Human AD post-mortem brains	Hippocampal regions (Subiculum, CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4)	Late stages (V-VI)	↔ [³H] RyR binding	[107]
Human AD post-mortem brains	Hippocampal regions (Subiculum, CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4)	Late stages (V-VI)	↓RyR2 mRNA	[107]
PS1 _L285V, PS1_M146V mutations	PC12 cells		↑ RyR3 mRNA and protein	[95]
PS1_M146V KI Tg mice	Primary neurons		↑ RyR3 mRNA and protein	[95]
Human AD post-mortem brains	mid frontal cortex		↓RyR2-3 mRNA splice variants	[108]
MCI post-mortem brains	mid temporal and mid frontal cortex		↑RyR2 mRNA; ↔ RyR3 mRNA	[108]
	mid frontal cortex		↓RyR2 mRNA splice variant;
	mid temporal cortex		↑RyR2 mRNA splice variant
Extracellular Aβ42 application	Primary cortical neurons		↑RyR3 mRNA;	[91]
Extracellular Aβ42 application	Primary cortical neurons		↔ RyR1-2 mRNA	[91]
CRDN8 Tg mice	Primary cortical neurons	4-4.5 (mo)	↑RyR3 mRNA	[91]
CRDN8 Tg mice	Whole brains	4-4.5 (mo)	↑RyR3 protein	[91]
3xTgAD mice	Primary hippocampal neurons		↑RyR protein	[78]
PS1_M146V KI Tg mice 3xTgAD mice	Whole brains	6 (w)	↑RyR protein	[72,110]
		6 (mo)	↔ RyR protein
		1.5 (Y)	↑RyR protein
3xTgAD mice	Hippocampus	6-8 (w)	↑RyR2 mRNA;	[94,100]
3xTgAD mice	Hippocampus	6-8 (w)	↔ RyR1-3 mRNA	[94,100]
Tg2576 mice	Cortex	15-18 (mo)	↑RyR2 mRNA;	[92]
			↔ RyR1-3 mRNA
			↑RyR proteins
APP_Wt and APP_swe mutation	SH-SY5Y cells		↑RyR1-2-3 mRNA	[92]
APP_Wt and APP_swe mutation	SH-SY5Y cells		↑RyR proteins	[92]
PScDKO Tg mice	Hippocampus	2 (mo)	↓ RyR proteins	[97]
			↓ [³H] RyR binding
			↔ RyR mRNA
Subletal Aβ oligomers	Primary hippocampal neurons		↓ RyR 2–3 mRNA	[105]
Subletal Aβ oligomers	Primary hippocampal neurons		↓ RyR 2 protein	[105]
APP_swePS1_L166P Tg mice	Hippocampus	3 and 6 (mo)	↑RyR 2–3 protein	[111]

Abbreviations: (*) AD stage is defined following BRAAk’s staging for human AD post-mortem brains, and is referred in weeks (W), months (mo) or years (Y) in AD mice models, (**) RyR expression (mRNA or protein level) is depicted as ↑ (increased), ↓ (reduced), or ↔ (unchanged) as compared to respective controls, PS presenilin, MCI mild cognitive impairment, KI knock in, Tg transgenic, Wt wild type, CRDN8 Tg mice express human APP with a double mutation (APP_K670N/_M671L + APP_V717F), PScKO Tg mice are conditionally double knock out for PS1 and PS2, Tg2576 mice express the Swedish double mutation (APP695_K670N/_M671L), 3xTgAD mice are generated from the PS1_M146VKI mouse overexpressing APP_swe and Tau_P130L.