Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted concentrations of biomarkers according to quintiles of intake for all vegetables combined, cruciferous vegetables, noncruciferous vegetables, and all fruits combined (the Shanghai Women’s Health Studyab)
| Quintiles of Dietary Intakec | By All Vegetables Combined
|
By Cruciferous Vegetables
|
By Noncruciferous Vegetables
|
By All Fruits Combined | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geometric mean±SEEd | Difference (%)e | Geometric mean±SEEd | Difference (%)e | Geometric mean±SEEd | Difference (%)e | Geometric mean±SEEd | Difference (%)e | |
| TNF-αf (pg/mL) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 6.40±1.05 | Reference | 6.40±1.05 | Reference | 5.74±1.05 | Reference | 5.92±1.05 | Reference |
| Q2 | 6.44±1.05 | 0.63 | 6.21±1.05 | −2.97 | 6.29±1.05 | 9.58 | 6.28±1.05 | 6.08 |
| Q3 | 5.62±1.05 | −12.19 | 6.22±1.05 | −2.81 | 5.66±1.05 | −1.39 | 5.81±1.05 | −1.86 |
| Q4 | 5.57±1.05 | −12.97g | 5.24±1.05 | −18.12g | 5.97±1.05 | 4.01 | 5.98±1.05 | 1.01 |
| Q5 | 5.61±1.05 | −12.34g | 5.59±1.05 | −12.66 | 5.94±1.05 | 3.48 | 5.61±1.05 | −5.24g |
| Ptrend | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.38 | ||||
| IL-1βh (pg/mL) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1.32±1.09 | Reference | 1.43±1.09 | Reference | 1.17±1.09 | Reference | 1.17±1.09 | Reference |
| Q2 | 1.51±1.09 | 14.39 | 1.40±1.09 | −2.10 | 1.40±1.09 | 19.66 | 1.35±1.09 | 15.38 |
| Q3 | 1.17±1.09 | −11.36 | 1.19±1.09 | −16.78 | 1.21±1.09 | 3.42 | 1.27±1.09 | 8.55 |
| Q4 | 1.12±1.09 | −15.15 | 1.10±1.09 | −23.08g | 1.21±1.09 | 3.42 | 1.35±1.09 | 15.38 |
| Q5 | 1.16±1.09 | −12.12 | 1.17±1.10 | −18.18 | 1.28±1.09 | 9.40 | 1.14±1.09 | 2.56 |
| Ptrend | 0.048 | 0.02 | 0.93 | 0.88 | ||||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 4.07±1.09 | Reference | 4.74±1.09 | Reference | 3.64±1.09 | Reference | 4.05±1.09 | Reference |
| Q2 | 3.63±1.09 | ±10.81 | 3.80±1.08 | −19.83 | 3.57±1.09 | −1.92 | 4.08±1.09 | 0.74 |
| Q3 | 3.46±1.09 | −14.99 | 3.31±1.08 | −30.17 | 3.76±1.09 | 3.30 | 3.64±1.09 | −10.12 |
| Q4 | 3.68±1.09 | −9.58 | 3.43±1.09 | −27.64g | 3.63±1.09 | −0.27 | 3.53±1.09 | −12.84 |
| Q5 | 3.89±1.09 | −4.42 | 3.57±1.09 | −24.68g | 4.15±1.09 | 14.01 | 3.45±1.09 | −14.81 |
| Ptrend | 0.79 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.10 | ||||
| CRPi (mg/L) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1.26±1.09 | Reference | 1.37±1.09 | Reference | 1.08±1.09 | Reference | 1.23±1.09 | Reference |
| Q2 | 1.21±1.09 | −3.97 | 1.07±1.09 | −21.90g | 1.29±1.09 | 19.44 | 1.18±1.09 | −4.07 |
| Q3 | 1.12±1.09 | −11.11 | 1.24±1.09 | −9.49 | 1.28±1.09 | 18.52 | 1.21±1.09 | −1.63 |
| Q4 | 1.33±1.09 | 5.56 | 1.13±1.09 | −17.52 | 1.14±1.09 | 5.56 | 1.22±1.09 | −0.81 |
| Q5 | 1.26±1.09 | 0.00 | 1.18±1.09 | −13.87 | 1.20±1.09 | 11.11 | 1.12±1.09 | −8.94g |
| Ptrend | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.77 | 0.60 | ||||
| F2-IsoPj (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 1.51±1.04 | Reference | 1.54±1.04 | Reference | 1.47±1.04 | Reference | 1.57±1.04 | Reference |
| Q2 | 1.61±1.04 | 6.62 | 1.56±1.04 | 1.30 | 1.63±1.04 | 10.88 | 1.51±1.04 | −3.82 |
| Q3 | 1.52±1.04 | 0.66 | 1.48±1.04 | −3.90 | 1.50±1.04 | 2.04 | 1.56±1.04 | −0.64 |
| Q4 | 1.51±1.04 | 0.00 | 1.51±1.04 | −1.95 | 1.57±1.04 | 6.80 | 1.51±1.04 | −3.82 |
| Q5 | 1.58±1.04 | 4.64 | 1.65±1.04 | 7.14 | 1.58±1.04 | 7.48 | 1.58±1.04 | 0.64 |
| Ptrend | 0.77 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.91 | ||||
| F2-IsoP-Mk (ng/mg creatinine) | ||||||||
| Q1 | 0.57±1.04 | Reference | 0.55±1.04 | Reference | 0.61±1.04 | Reference | 0.62±1.04 | Reference |
| Q2 | 0.63±1.04 | 10.53 | 0.61±1.04 | 10.91 | 0.61±1.04 | 0.00 | 0.58±1.04 | −6.45 |
| Q3 | 0.57±1.04 | 0.00 | 0.56±1.04 | 1.82 | 0.57±1.04 | −6.56 | 0.59±1.04 | −4.84 |
| Q4 | 0.59±1.04 | 3.51 | 0.57±1.04 | 3.64 | 0.58±1.04 | −4.92 | 0.55±1.04 | −11.29g |
| Q5 | 0.56±1.04 | −1.75 | 0.62±1.04 | 12.73g | 0.55±1.04 | −9.84 | 0.56±1.04 | −9.68g |
| Ptrend | 0.44 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.03 | ||||
Number of participants included in the analysis: 998 for TNF-α, 900 for IL-1β, 931 for IL-6, 791 for CRP, 904 for F2-IsoPs and 876 for F2-IsoP-M.
Adjusted for age; education; occupation; cigarette smoking; alcohol consumption; physical activity; body mass index; menopausal status; vitamin supplement use; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use; total intake of all fruits combined (in the model for all vegetables combined), noncruciferous vegetables (in the model for cruciferous vegetables), cruciferous vegetables (in the model for noncruciferous vegetables), red meat, and total energy; Charlson comorbidity score and history or presence of other infectious/inflammatory diseases; use of antibiotics, vitamin supplements, or NSAIDs in the 24 hours before sample collection; and assay batch using general linear regression models.
The quintile distribution of dietary intakes was used to categorize participants into five groups. Quintile cutoffs for intake of all vegetables combined were 160.1, 222.5, 291.2, and 386.2 g/d; quintile cutoffs for cruciferous vegetable intake were 42.5, 68.4, 98.8, and 140.5 g/d; quintile cutoffs for noncruciferous vegetable intake were 97.3, 140.0, 186.7 and 265.1 g/d; quintile cutoffs for intake of all fruits combined were 99.3, 175.0, 249.1, and 360.1 g/d.
SEE=standard error of estimation.
Difference (%)=(geometric mean of the biomarker in each higher quintile of cruciferous vegetable intake−geometric mean in the lowest quintile)/geometric mean in the lowest quintile.
TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor-α.
Compared with Q1 (the lowest quintile), P<0.05.
IL-1β=interleukin-1β.
CRP=C-reactive protein.
F2-IsoP=F2-isoprostanes.
F2-IsoP-M=2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F2t-IsoP.