Table 3.

Multivariable-adjusted concentrations of biomarkers in women according to quintiles of cruciferous vegetable intake stratified by health conditions, the Shanghai Women’s Health Study^a

By quintles of cruciferous vegetable intakec	Unhealthy Womenb (n=566)		Healthy Womenb (n=439)
	Geometric mean±SEd	Difference (%)e	Geometric mean±SEEd	Difference (%)e
TNF-αf (pg/mL)
Q1	6.14±1.08	Reference	6.56±1.08	Reference
Q2	6.20±1.07	0.98	6.32±1.08	−3.66
Q3	6.82±1.07	11.07	5.48±1.08	−16.46
Q4	5.47±1.07	−10.91	4.98±1.08	−24.09g
Q5	5.87±1.07	−4.40	5.33±1.09	−18.75
Ptrend		0.38		0.01
Pheterogeneity		0.32
IL-1βh (pg/mL)
Q1	1.24±1.13	Reference	1.70±1.13	Reference
Q2	1.30±1.12	4.84	1.56±1.13	−8.24
Q3	1.26±1.13	1.61	1.11±1.13	−34.71g
Q4	1.13±1.13	−8.87	1.06±1.12	−37.65g
Q5	1.22±1.13	−1.61	1.08±1.15	−36.47g
Ptrend		0.67		0.002
Pheterogeneity		0.045
IL-6 (pg/mL)
Q1	4.21±1.13	Reference	5.45±1.13	Reference
Q2	3.58±1.12	−14.96	4.11±1.13	−24.59
Q3	3.59±1.12	−14.72	3.03±1.12	−44.40g
Q4	3.40±1.13	−19.24	3.52±1.12	−35.41g
Q5	3.64±1.12	−13.54	3.38±1.15	−37.98
Ptrend		0.40		0.01
Pheterogeneity		0.07

^aAdjusted for age; education; occupation; cigarette smoking; alcohol consumption; physical activity; body mass index; menopausal status; vitamin supplement use; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use; intakes of all fruits combined, noncruciferous vegetables, red meat, and total energy; use of antibiotics, vitamin supplements or NSAIDs in the 24 hours before sample collection; and assay batch using general linear regression models.

^bDefinitions presented in Figure 2.

^cQuintile distribution of cruciferous vegetable intake was used to categorize participants into five groups. Quintile cutoffs for cruciferous vegetable intake were 42.5, 68.4, 98.8, and 140.5 g/day.

^dSEE=standard error of estimation.

^eDifference (%)=(geometric mean of the biomarker in each higher quintile of cruciferous vegetable intake –geometric mean in the lowest quintile)/geometric mean in the lowest quintile.

^fTNF-α=tumor necrosis factor-α.

^gCompared with group Q1 (the lowest quintile), P<0.05.

^hIL-1β=interleukin-1β.