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. 2014 Apr 2;44(6):1806–1812. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2362

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Copyright © 2014, Spandidos Publications

This is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. The article may be redistributed, reproduced, and reused for non-commercial purposes, provided the original source is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Proposed scheme for the relation of cancer stem cells and cancer metastasis. Blood endothelial cells in angiogenesis and lymphatic endothelial cells in lymphangiogenesis may be derived from different cells, including direct transdifferentiation from cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells may also participate in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis through generating various angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. BECs, blood endothelial cells; CSCs, cancer stem cells; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; LECs, lymphatic endothelial cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages.