Table 1.
Demographic and disease characteristics in the two cohorts (CKD and non-CKD), according to physicians
| Characteristic | GPs (N=3,009)
|
Diabetologists (N=695)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD (N=2,008) |
Non-CKD (N=1,001) |
CKD (N=464) |
Non-CKD (N=231) |
|
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 70.7±10.1* | 63.5±10.4 | 72.0±9.7* | 62.9±9.7 |
| Sex (% male) | 63.3 | 60.6 | 58.8 | 55.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 29.2±5.2 | 28.8±5.2 | 30.4±5.3 | 29.8±5.3 |
| Duration of T2DM (years, mean ± SD) | 11.8±7.4* | 8.3±6.0 | 17.5±9.5* | 12.3±8.1 |
| HbA1c (%, mean ± SD) | 7.4±1.0* | 7.1±0.9 | 7.8±1.3* | 7.3±1.1 |
| <7.0%, % of patients | 36.8 | 52.3 | 23.9 | 44.2 |
| 7.0%–7.5%, % of patients | 23.6 | 22.9 | 21.3 | 18.6 |
| 7.5%–8%, % of patients | 16.9 | 11.6 | 19.8 | 15.2 |
| ≥8%, % of patients | 22.7 | 13.1 | 34.9 | 22.1 |
| At least one complication, % of patients | 82.1* | 27.3 | 93.5* | 35.4 |
| Microvascular | 74.9 | 14.7 | 89.0 | 22.9 |
| Retinopathy | 18.3* | 7.4 | 28.4* | 11.7 |
| Nephropathy | 67.9* | 4.5 | 84.5* | 4.8 |
| Neuropathy | 13.7* | 5.0 | 30.4* | 11.3 |
| Macrovascular | 38.0* | 16.5 | 49.4* | 19.5 |
| Coronary heart disease | 22.7* | 10.0 | 32.3* | 13.4 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7.3* | 3.2 | 10.6* | 1.7 |
| Lower limb arteriopathy | 15.9* | 5.2 | 20.7* | 7.4 |
| Symptomatic heart failure | 13.3* | 2.3 | 7.8* | 0.4 |
| At least one CV risk factor, % of patients | 97.5* | 89.3 | 99.4* | 90.8 |
| Hypertension | 90.6* | 71.5 | 94.6* | 71.0 |
| Dyslipidemia | 77.7* | 64.4 | 86.9* | 68.8 |
| Sedentary lifestyle | 48.4* | 31.7 | 50.9* | 32.9 |
| Management of CV risk | ||||
| Number of co-medications,** mean ± SD | 4.6±2.7* | 2.9±2.2 | 5.5±2.7* | 3.2±2.4 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, % of patients | 76.0* | 62.4 | 84.1* | 67.1 |
| Antiplatelet therapies, % of patients | 60.9* | 39.2 | 60.3* | 37.2 |
| Antihypertensive treatments, % of patients | 90.2* | 71.4 | 94.4* | 69.3 |
| ≥3 antihypertensive drugs, % of patients | 32.3* | 15.6 | 45.7* | 22.5 |
| One/two RAAS blockers, % of patients | 72.4/3* | 58.6/1.3 | 75/6* | 59.7/0.4 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2, mean ± SD) | 49.4±22.8* | 88.3±25.9 | 45.9±22.5* | 91.2±23.8 |
| <30, % of patients | 14.2 | 0.5 | 17.2 | 0.0 |
| 30–60, % of patients | 65.8 | 8.7 | 67.5 | 3.5 |
| ≥60, % of patients | 20.0 | 90.8 | 15.3 | 96.5 |
| UAER, % of patients | ||||
| Microalbuminuria | 53.4* | 12.1 | 39.7* | 7.9 |
| Macroalbuminuria | 27.4* | 3.5 | 35.1* | 1.5 |
| Specialists’ involvement, % of patients | ||||
| Diabetologist | 48.1* | 26.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Nephrologist | 36.4* | 2.4 | 47.6* | 1.7 |
| Cardiologist | 75.9* | 61.7 | 80.0* | 69.3 |
Notes:
*
P-value <0.05 for the comparison CKD versus non-CKD;
**
ie, associated treatments for CV risk management, except anti-diabetic treatments.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GP, general practitioner; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; RAAS, renin angiotensin aldosterone system; SD, standard deviation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate.