Figure 4.

Percent root mean-squared bias in ${\widehat{N}}_{\text{b}}$ and ${\widehat{N}}_{\text{e}}$ and how it changes when raw estimates are adjusted per formulas in Table 3, using true N_b/N_e or information for two or three life history traits. Results apply to samples from single cohorts and are averaged across the 21 model species.