Figure 7.

Pattern of bias in estimates of N_b for single-cohort samples from simulated populations under life history variations that deviate from the standard model. Solid triangles, maximum litter size is 1 (L1) or females are forced to skip up to four breeding cycles after reproducing; solid circles, skewed (70% male) primary sex ratio; stars, overdispersed variance among same-age, same-sex individuals. For example, “sardine 8M4F” denotes results for simulations using the sardine life table with V_k for males of each age being eight times the mean and V_k for females of each age being four times the mean. The solid line is the regression of ${\widehat{N}}_{\text{b}}/N_{\text{b}}$ with N_b/N_e under the standard model (from Figure 2B). Data for life history variants for the model species are taken from Table S2.