Table 3. Formulas to adjust genetic estimates of effective size to correct biases due to age structure.

Method	Formula
To estimate Nb
Using true Nb/Ne	${\widehat{N}}_{\text{b(Adj)}}=\frac{\text{raw}\hspace{0.17em}{\widehat{N}}_{\text{b}}}{1.26-0.323\times \text{(}{N}_{\text{b}}/N_{\text{e}}\text{)}}$
Using two traits	${\widehat{N}}_{\text{b(Adj2)}}=\frac{\text{raw}\hspace{0.17em}{\widehat{N}}_{\text{b}}}{1.103-0.245\times \text{log(AL/}\alpha \text{)}}$
Using three traits	${\widehat{N}}_{\text{b(Adj3)}}=\frac{\text{raw}\hspace{0.17em}{\widehat{N}}_{\text{b}}}{0.991-0.206\times \text{log(AL)}+0.256\times \text{log(}\alpha \text{)}+0.137\hspace{0.17em}\text{CVf}}$
To estimate Ne
Using true Nb/Ne	${\widehat{N}}_{\text{e(Adj)}}=\frac{{\widehat{N}}_{\text{b(Adj)}}}{N_{\text{b}}/N_{\text{e}}}$
Using two traits	${\widehat{N}}_{\text{e(Adj2)}}=\frac{{\widehat{N}}_{\text{b(Adj2)}}}{0.485+0.758\times \text{log(AL/}\alpha \text{)}}$
Using three traits	${\widehat{N}}_{\text{e(Adj3)}}=\frac{{\widehat{N}}_{\text{b(Adj3)}}}{0.833+0.637\times \text{log(AL)}-0.793\times \text{log(}\alpha \text{)}-0.423\times \text{CVf}}$

Raw ${\widehat{N}}_{\text{b}}$ is the unadjusted estimate obtained using the LD method from a sample from a single cohort. AL, adult life span; α, age at maturity; CVf, an index of variation in age-specific fecundity (see Table 1 for definitions and notation). Different adjustments are provided, depending on whether the goal is to estimate N_b or N_e and on the type of information available for the species of interest (data for two or three life history traits or an estimate of true N_b/N_e). Adjustments based on N_b/N_e use results from AgeNe and the regression shown in Figure 2B; adjustments based on two or three life history traits use the relationships described in Waples et al. (2013).