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. 2014 Jun 7;4(8):823–833. doi: 10.7150/thno.8696

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© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.

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Kinetics of Oxazine 4 Uptake in Pig Nerves. A) Quantitative time course assessment of SBR (mean ± SEM) for recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), brachial plexus (BP), and sciatic nerve (SN). 20 µmol (0.25 mg/kg) of Oxazine 4 was injected intravenously into 35 kg Yorkshire pigs, and the SBR of nerves to the specified surrounding tissue was measured at different time points (T = 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min). B) Real-time intraoperative fluorescence images of RLN (top), BP (middle), and SN (bottom) acquired at different time points (T = 0, 1, 2, and 4 h). Thyroid was resected (thyroidectomy) after 4 h, and RLN was highlighted without signal interruption. Ad = adipose tissue; Mu = muscle; TEG = tracheoesophageal groove; Th = thyroid; Tr = trachea. Scale bars = 1 cm. C) Fluorescence microscopic images of cryosectioned RLN, BP, and SN. Samples were obtained after injecting 20 µmol of Oxazine 4 into Yorkshire pigs 4 h prior to resection. Shown are representative images (N = 5) of H&E (left) and NIR fluorescence (right) images. Blue squares on H&E images indicate the positions of magnified images. Scale bars = 100 µm. All NIR fluorescence images have identical exposure times and normalizations.

Kinetics of Oxazine 4 Uptake in Pig Nerves. A) Quantitative time course assessment of SBR (mean ± SEM) for recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), brachial plexus (BP), and sciatic nerve (SN). 20 µmol (0.25 mg/kg) of Oxazine 4 was injected intravenously into 35 kg Yorkshire pigs, and the SBR of nerves to the specified surrounding tissue was measured at different time points (T = 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min). B) Real-time intraoperative fluorescence images of RLN (top), BP (middle), and SN (bottom) acquired at different time points (T = 0, 1, 2, and 4 h). Thyroid was resected (thyroidectomy) after 4 h, and RLN was highlighted without signal interruption. Ad = adipose tissue; Mu = muscle; TEG = tracheoesophageal groove; Th = thyroid; Tr = trachea. Scale bars = 1 cm. C) Fluorescence microscopic images of cryosectioned RLN, BP, and SN. Samples were obtained after injecting 20 µmol of Oxazine 4 into Yorkshire pigs 4 h prior to resection. Shown are representative images (N = 5) of H&E (left) and NIR fluorescence (right) images. Blue squares on H&E images indicate the positions of magnified images. Scale bars = 100 µm. All NIR fluorescence images have identical exposure times and normalizations.