Table 1.
Prevalence, clinical impact and risk factors of multiresistant bacterial infections around the world
| Ref. | Infections | Prevalence of MR bacteria | Risk factors | Clinical impact |
| Song et al[14], 2006 South Korea | SBP | 29% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: 14% in community-acquired, 67% in nosocomial episodes | No data | No impact |
| Angeloni et al[61], 2008 Italy | SBP | 8% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae | Healthcare-associated infections | Higher initial treatment failure No impact on mortality |
| Umgelter et al[20], 2009 Germany | SBP | 10% VSE, 1% Pseudomonas aeruginosa | No data | Higher initial treatment failure Higher hospital mortality |
| Piroth et al[19], 2009 France | SBP and bacterioascites | 8% MRSA 5% VSE 4% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae | No data | No data |
| Cheong et al[13], 2009 South Korea | SBP | 15% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae | Previous exposition to β-lactams Nosocomial infection | Independent predictor of 30-d mortality |
| Song et al[12], 2009 South Korea | SBP | 4%-7.5% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae | Recent hospital stay Previous SBP Antibiotic treatment in the last month | Higher initial treatment failure Higher hospital and 30-d mortality |
| Merli et al[16], 2010 Italy | All | 20% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 7% MRSA | Antibiotic treatment in the last month HCA infection | Higher hospital mortality |
| Ariza et al[17], 2012 Spain | SBP | 6% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 2% Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2% Acinetobacter baumannii 1% VSE | Nosocomial infection Previous exposition to β-lactams Diabetes mellitus Upper gastrointestinal bleeding | Independent predictor of mortality at 30 d |
| Fernández et al[5], 2012 Spain | All | 8%-9% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 3% Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3%-4% MRSA 3%-7% VSE | Nosocomial infection Long-term norfloxacin prophylaxis Treatment with β-lactams in the last 3 mo MR bacteria in the last 6 mo | Lower infection resolution Higher risk of septic shock Higher hospital mortality |
| Novovic et al[21], 2012 Denmark | SBP | 1% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 12% VSE-VRE | No data | Higher hospital mortality |
| Tandon et al[22], 2012 United States | All | 9% VRE 6.5% ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae 5% MRSA | Systemic antibiotics in the past 30 d Nosocomial infection | No data |
ESBL: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (bacteria with chromosomal β-lactamases are also included); MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VSE: Vancomycin-susceptible enterococci; VRE: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci; SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.