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. 2014 Feb 26;6(2):17. doi: 10.1186/gm534

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Copyright © 2014 Gustafsson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Overview of the workflow used in this study. 1) Meta-GWAS of 256 diseases and disease traits (left) revealed Th differentiation (right) to be the pathway most enriched for GWAS genes. 2) Identification of disease modules in eight CD4⁺ T-cell-associated diseases (A, allergy; AML, acute myelogenous leukemia; ATL, adult T cell leukemia; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; HES, hypereosinophilic syndrome; MS, multiple sclerosis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus). These modules partially overlapped and formed a pleiotropic module. The pleiotropic module is marked using a solid black circle. 3) The pleiotropic module was highly enriched for genes relevant to many diseases. 4) Prospective clinical studies of multiple sclerosis and seasonal allergic rhinitis showed that pleiotropic and disease-specific genes could stratify patients for individualized medication.