Oxygen dynamics during a seizure event. Experimental dual-recording (A) of membrane potential and oxygen concentrations at 100-μm depth within hippocampal brain slices [reproduced with permission from Ingram et al. 2013], showing that, the oxygen deficit outlasts the seizure (B), indicating an increased oxygen requirement after high neuronal activity. C: model data show membrane potentials, extracellular K+ and O2 concentration ([K+]o and [O2]o), and oxygen consumption rate ([O2]rate) based on consumption by pump activity and replenished by diffusion from bath solution during and after a seizure event. The time course of O2 deficit is similar to that observed experimentally.