Table 4.
Adjusted correlates of secondhand smoke exposure in different environments among nonsmoking a South African Adults aged ≥ 16 years, South African Social Attitudes Survey 2010
|
Characteristics |
Category |
Work |
Home |
Café/Restaurant |
Shabeen, (local bars), Bar or Club |
Any secondhand smoke exposure
b
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
|
Sex |
Male (Referent) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Female |
0.81 (0.75-0.88)* |
0.73 (0.62-0.87)* |
0.95 (0.72-1.25) |
0.78 (0.47-1.28) |
0.74 (0.63-0.87)* |
|
Age, years |
16-24 (Referent) |
|
|
|
|
|
| 25-34 |
2.23 (0.59-8.47) |
1.43 (0.56-3.67) |
1.02 (0.56-1.85) |
1.04 (0.37-2.92) |
1.18 (0.62-2.24) |
|
| 35-44 |
2.06 (0.39-10.82) |
0.83 (0.23-2.94) |
0.73 (0.41-1.29) |
0.51 (0.17-1.49) |
0.77 (0.35-1.66) |
|
| 45-54 |
1.72 (0.52-5.65) |
0.77 (0.26-2.27) |
0.87 (0.72-1.05) |
0.47 (0.38-0.6)* |
0.79 (0.55-1.12) |
|
| ≥55 |
0.88 (0.21-3.79) |
0.66 (0.15-2.85) |
0.59 (0.42-0.82)* |
0.34 (0.1-1.21) |
0.56 (0.17-1.79) |
|
|
Education |
<12 years of schooling (Referent) |
|
|
|
|
|
| =12 years of schooling |
1.60 (0.64-3.97) |
0.67 (0.34-1.31) |
1.37 (1.07-1.77)* |
1.29 (0.94-1.76) |
1.33 (1.06-1.67)* |
|
| >12 years of schooling |
1.63 (1.13-2.37)* |
0.41 (0.27-0.63)* |
1.16 (0.49-2.79) |
1.23 (0.67-2.23) |
1.22 (0.68-2.2) |
|
|
Marital status |
Never married (Referent) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Separated, widowed, or divorced |
0.93 (0.24-3.70) |
1.21 (0.77-1.89) |
1.20 (0.96-1.49) |
1.08 (1.02-1.14)* |
1.12 (0.51-2.44) |
|
| Married |
1.22 (1.03-1.45)* |
0.98 (0.45-2.16) |
1.14 (0.91-1.42) |
1.13 (0.75-1.69) |
1.13 (0.93-1.36) |
|
|
Ethnicity |
Black African (Referent) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Colored |
1.45 (0.60-3.52) |
1.53 (0.91-2.55) |
1.10 (0.97-1.25) |
0.57 (0.34-0.96)* |
0.85 (0.49-1.48) |
|
| Indian or Asian |
0.78 (0.52-1.17) |
0.85 (0.44-1.64) |
0.75 (0.58-0.98)* |
0.4 (0.24-0.65)* |
0.85 (0.68-1.06) |
|
| White |
0.78 (0.65-0.94)* |
0.84 (0.41-1.71) |
1.42 (1.08-1.87)* |
0.65 (0.42-1) |
0.8 (0.62-1.04) |
|
| Residence type | Urban (Referent) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Rural | 1.08 (0.80-1.46) | 1.16 (0.78-1.73) | 0.76 (0.71-0.80)* | 0.62 (0.47-0.81)* | 0.79 (0.65-0.95)* |
Note: Denominators for the various environments assessed included only participants whose responses indicated that they worked, had a home, had a car in their household, or that they went to cafes/restaurants; or to shabeens, bars or clubs, respectively. The proportion of missing/inapplicable responses excluded from the denominators for the respective environments included: work (16.1%; n = 380); home (2.9%; n = 69); cafes/restaurants (6.3%; n = 134); and shabeens, bars or clubs (9.8%; n = 254),
aNon-smokers were respondents who reported not smoking hand-rolled or manufactured cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or water-pipes. aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
bRespondents who reported being exposed to secondhand smoke in at least one of the following: the work, home, restaurants, or bars.
*Statistically significant at p < 0.05.