Figure 6.
An in silico study for the application of heavy ions in the treatment of atrial fibrillation based on four-dimensional CT targets, the left pulmonary vein (LPV) and right pulmonary vein (RPV) with high-energy 12C-ions. Atrial fibrillation would require a five-dimensional treatment plan for compensation of both breathing motion and heartbeat.58 The radiobiological response of the vein and cardiac tissue are very little known and, therefore, the choice of the dose level is at present uncertain. Image and calculation courtesy of Anna Constantinescu, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany.