Table 2.

Comparison of studies that quantified peak knee moments for the squat. Data are presented as mean ± SE.

Author	No. of Subjects	Gender	Mean Height (cm)	Mean Weight (kg)	Experience Level	Exercise Description	Mean Load (kg)	Load Description	Peak Knee Flexion	Absolute Peak Knee Moment (Nm)	Relative Peak Knee Moment (Nm/kg) [%BW * ht]
Cotter - Current Study	16	M	177.6 ± 0.96	85.4 ± 2.1	>1 year of squat training	Back Squat - Above Parallel	0	No Load	105.05 ± 1.44	103.75 ± 4.79	1.21 ± 0.04 [7.21 ± 0.33]
							76.28 ± 2.47	50% 1RM	97.33 ± 1.99	152.53 ± 7.37	1.78 ± 0.06 [10.59 ± 0.51]
							128.13 ± 4.21	85% 1RM	93.82 ± 1.81	178.51 ± 5.78	2.09 ± 0.04 [12.40 ± 0.40]
						Back Squat - Parallel	0	No Load	125.07 ± 2.46	118.02 ± 6.22	1.38 ± 0.05 [8.20 ± 0.43]
							65.91 ± 2.48	50% 1RM	125.51 ± 2.12	177.82 ± 10.9	2.07 ± 0.08 [12.35 ± 0.76]
							110.65 ± 4.12	85% 1RM	120.51 ± 1.92	195.67 ± 7.96	2.29 ± 0.07 [13.59 ± 0.55]
						Back Squat - Below Parallel	0	No Load	139.89 ± 2.09	129.03 ± 7.22	1.51 ± 0.06 [8.96 ± 0.50]
							63.78 ± 2.17	50% 1RM	141.78 ± 2.13	213.66 ± 13.75	2.48 ± 0.10 [14.84 ± 0.95]
							106.53 ± 3.76	85% 1RM	139.87 ± 2.23	246.29 ± 14.61	2.87± 0.12 [17.11 ± 1.01]
Escamilla (13)	13	M	176.7 ± 1.9	82.4 ± 6.0	Master’s level Powerlifters	Narrow Stance Squat	208.3 ± 15.2	1RM	106 ± 2.2	573 ± 49.6
	13	M	173.6 ± 2.0	93.1 ± 6.9		Mid Stance Squat	229.2 ± 17.9		102 ± 1.9	627 ± 64.6
	13	M	174.3 ± 1.9	97.5 ± 7.8		Wide Stance Squat	238.7 ± 15.0		99 ± 2.8	756 ± 65.2
Gullet (18)	15	9M 6F	171.2 ± 1.7	69.7 ± 1.6	>1 year of squat training	Back Squat - Parallel	61.8 ± 4.8	70% 1RM			1.0 ± 0.10
						Front Squat - Parallel	48.5 ± 3.6	70% 1RM			0.7 ± 0.05
Nissell and Ekholm (27)	1	M	181	110	Experienced Powerlifter	Back Squat - Parallel	0	No Load	120	83.3
							100	~30% 1RM	120	145
							250	~70% 1RM	120	233.3
Robertson (31)	6	M	184	83.65	Experienced Weightlifters	Back Squat	93.1	80% 1RM	120	100
Salem and Powers (32)	5	F	178 ± 4.7	73 ± 4.5	3 Basketball/2 Volleyball Intercollegiate Athletes	Shallow Squat	53 ± 5.4	85% 1RM	72.8	127.4
						Medium Squat			91.5	128.7
						Deep Squat			109.7	138.4
Salem (33)	8	7M 1F		93.3 ± 6.4	~30 weeks after ACLr	Back Squat - Involved Leg	32.65	35% of body weight	106.98 ± 3.68		1.02 ± 0.11
						Back Squat - Uninvolved Leg			109.55 ± 4.06		1.28 ± 0.10
Wallace (34)	15	6M 9F	171 ± 2.3	72 ± 4.1	Healthy Adults	Unloaded Squat	0	Hands behind head	90		0.62 ± 0.03
						Loaded Barbell Squat	24.85 ± 1.4	35% of body weight	90		0.88± 0.0.03
Wilk (35)	10	M	177 ± 2.8	93 ± 4.4	Experienced Weightlifters	Parallel Squat	147 ± 12.3	4 reps with 12RM weight	104 ± 3.5	150 ± 12.6
Wretenberg (37)	6	M	170.8 ± 3.3	87 ± 8.2	Powerlifters	Parallel Squat	154.2 ± 8.6	65% 1RM	111 ± 2.0	92 ± 20.1
						Deep Squat			126 ± 1.6	139 ± 26.2
	8	M	177.0 ± 2.7	82 ± 3.9	Weightlifters	Parallel Squat	101.9 ± 9.8	65% 1RM	116± 1.7	131 ± 6.1
						Deep Squat			138± 1.1	191 ± 14.4