Figure 1. Long acting β₂-agonist clenbuterol increases autophagosome number in HepG2 cells and in mouse primary hepatocytes.

A–B.) Clenbuterol increases LC3-II 24 hours after addition in HepG2 cells, at concentrations as low as 300 nM. Asterisk represents significance vs. ctrl, and hash represents significance vs. 30 nM as per Tukey's post-hoc test following one-way ANOVA. C–D.) Clenbuterol increases puncta formation in HepG2 cells transiently transfected with eGFP-LC3 plasmid. Image taken at 20× magnification. E.) Clenbuterol increases endogenous LC3 puncta in mouse primary hepatocytes. Image taken at 40× magnification, F–G.) Clenbuterol increases LC3-II 24 hours after addition in mouse primary hepatocytes. Error bars represent SEM. Unless otherwise noted, asterisk represents p<0.05 relative to control using Student's T-test.