Table 4. A comparison of individuals with dyslexia and typical readers on cognitive measures (M = mean, SD = standard deviation).
| Individuals with dyslexia (A) | Typical readers (B) | t | Contrasts | ||
| Measures | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
| Coding (standard score) | Speed | 6.03 (1.93) | 8.06 (2.26) | −3.72*** | B>A |
| Symbol search (standard score) | Speed | 7.82 (2.76) | 10.45 (3.2) | 3.405*** | B>A |
| Digit span forward (number of items) | Accuracy | 8.07 (1.84) | 9.75 (1.58) | −2.507* | B>A |
| Digit span backward (number of items) | Accuracy | 5.39 (1.96) | 6.54 (1.62) | −3.844*** | B>A |
| Digit span total (standard score) | Accuracy | 6.67 (3.07) | 9.21 (2.38) | −3.545** | B>A |
| Letter naming (seconds) | Speed | 29.25 (4.4) | 26.48 (3.99) | 2.291** | A>B |
| Object naming (seconds) | Speed | 37.53 (6.1) | 34.15 (5.86) | 2.205* | A>B |
| RAS naming (seconds) | Speed | 30.64 (5.51) | 27.39 (5.45) | 2.307* | A>B |
| Trail making — part A (sec) | Speed | 30.48 (6.7) | 28.96 (9.29) | ns | A>B |
| Trail making — part A (number of errors) | Accuracy | 0.04 (0.2) | 0.06 (0.25) | ns | B>A |
| Trail making — part B (sec) | Speed | 87.16(32.58) | 65.1(17.4) | 3.032** | A>B |
| Trail making — part B (number of errors) | Accuracy | 1.04(2.44) | 0.82(1.69) | ns | A>B |
| Trail making time ratio (A/B) | Speed | 2.89(.93) | 2.46(1.05) | ns | A>B |
*P<.05;
**P<.01;
***P<.001, ns = nonsignificant.