Table 1.

Hormone effects on insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial function.

	Insulin Sensitivity	Oxidative Stress	Inflammatory response	Endothelial cell function
Insulin	NA	↓ [12]	?	↑ [12]
Angiotensin 2	↓ [45]	↑ [44]	↑ [46]	↓ [49]
Aldosterone	↓ [52]	↑ [53]	↑ [53]	↓ [54]
Epinephrine	↓ [28]	↑ [37]	↑ [38]	?
Norepinephrine	↓ [28]	↑ [37]	↑ [39]	?
Endothelin 1	↓ [62]	↑ [59], [60]	↑ [61]	↓ [58]
Leptin	↓ [22]	↑ [20]	↓ [21]	↓ [20]

Consequences of hormone actions on oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial-cell dysfunction were summarized from published evidence. Arrows indicate the direction of hormone-mediated changes, question marks indicate unknown effects.