Table 2.
Maternal, Obstetric and Neonatal Characteristics by Parity and Epidural Status
| Nulliparous With Epidural n=35,657 |
Nulliparous Without Epidural n=8,153 |
Multiparous With Epidural (n=43,436) |
Multiparous Without Epidural (n=16,169) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Within Guidelines n = 32124 |
Prolonged Second Stage n = 3533 |
P | Within Guidelines n = 7023 |
Prolonged Second Stage n = 1130 |
P | Within Guidelines n = 42,088 |
Prolonged Second Stage n = 1,348 |
P | Within Guidelines n = 15,219 |
Prolonged Second Stage n = 950 |
P |
| Maternal age – years | 24.7 (5.6) | 27.1(6.3) | <.001 | 23.8 (5.7) | 26.6 (6.2) | <.001 | 28.8 (5.3) | 30.1 (5.8) | <.001 | 28.4 (5.6) | 29.6 (5.9) | <.001 |
| BMI at delivery – kg/m2 | 29.5 (5.38) | 30.0 (5.4) | <.001 | 29.3 (5.4) | 29.5 (5.1) | 0.290 | 30.3 (5.7) | 31.3 (6.1) | <.001 | 30.5 (5.9) | 30.7 (6.1) | 0.615 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.002 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 17,819 (55.5) | 2077 (58.8) | 2,709 (38.6) | 564 (49.9) | 25,857 (61.4) | 638 (47.3) | 5,834 (38.3) | 376 (39.6) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 5,206 (16.2) | 411 (11.6) | 1,867 (26.6) | 191 (16.9) | 6,094 (14.5) | 265 (19.7) | 3,833 (25.2) | 253 (26.6) | ||||
| Hispanic | 5,155 (16.1) | 570 (16.1) | 1,459 (20.8) | 161 (14.3) | 6,670 (15.9) | 282 (21.0) | 3,921 (25.8) | 172 (18.1) | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 1,534 (4.8) | 203 (5.8) | 401 (5.7) | 102 (9.0) | 1,299 (3.1) | 70 (5.2) | 629 (4.1) | 56 (5.9) | ||||
| Other/Unknown | 2,410 (7.5) | 272 (7.7) | 587 (8.4) | 112 (9.9) | 2,168 (5.2) | 93 (6.9) | 1,002 (6.6) | 93 (9.8) | ||||
| Insurance | 0.329 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||||
| Private | 18,844 (58.7) | 2079 (58.9) | 3,659 (52.1) | 768 (68.0) | 26,458 (62.9) | 738 (54.8) | 7,750 (50.9) | 592 (62.3) | ||||
| Public or Self pay | 8,438 (26.3) | 833 (23.6) | 2,614 (37.2) | 257 (22.7) | 10,943 (26.0) | 345 (25.6) | 5,837 (38.4) | 256 (27.0) | ||||
| Other | 4,842 (15.1) | 621 (17.6) | 750 (10.7) | 105 (9.3) | 4,687 (11.1) | 265 (19.7) | 1,632 (10.7) | 102 (10.7) | ||||
| Pregnancy complications | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes - gestational | 1,055 (3.3) | 137 (3.9) | 0.063 | 197 (2.8) | 41 (3.6) | 0.128 | 1,735 (4.1) | 79 (5.9) | 0.002 | 596 (3.9) | 46 (4.8) | 0.159 |
| Pregestational | 169 (0.5) | 45 (1.3) | <.001 | 42 (0.6) | 8 (0.7) | 0.661 | 358 (0.9) | 17 (1.3) | 0.038 | 190 (1.2) | 13 (1.4) | 0.305 |
| Hypertensive disorder | 1,229 (3.8) | 116 (3.3) | 0.109 | 179 (2.5) | 17 (1.5) | 0.036 | 863 (2.1) | 14 (1.0) | 0.011 | 199 (1.3) | 13 (1.4) | 0.812 |
| Induction of labor | 13,500 (42.0) | 1,486 (42.1) | 0.967 | 1,994 (28.4) | 359 (31.8) | 0.020 | 18,881 (44.9) | 506 (37.5) | <.001 | 3,763 (24.7) | 218 (22.9) | 0.252 |
| Dilation on admission - Median (10th, 90th percentiles) | 3 (1, 5) | 3 (1, 6.5) | <.001 | 4 (1, 9) | 4 (1, 10) | 0.093 | 3 (1, 6) | 4 (1, 10) | <.001 | 5 (2, 10) | 7 (2, 10) | <.001 |
| Effacement on admission – Median (10th, 90th percentiles) | 80 (50, 100) | 80 (50, 100) | 0.001 | 90 (50, 100) | 90 (50, 100) | 0.509 | 80 (50, 100) | 80 (50, 100) | <.001 | 80 (50, 100) | 90 (50, 100) | 0.006 |
| Oxytocin | 22,638 (70.5) | 2,347 (66.4) | <.001 | 3,924 (55.9) | 708 (62.7) | <.001 | 29,499 (70.1) | 850 (63.1) | <.001 | 7,592 (49.9) | 500 (52.6) | 0.127 |
| Gestational age at delivery – weeks | 39.2 (1.2) | 39.5 (1.2) | <.001 | 39.2 (1.3) | 39.6 (1.2) | <.001 | 39.0 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.2) | <.001 | 39.1 (1.2) | 39.3 (1.2) | 0.006 |
| Newborn birth weight – grams | 3,282 (428) | 3,446(431) | <.001 | 3210 (424) | 3411 (426) | <.001 | 3,380 (441) | 3547 (447) | <.001 | 3,350 (448) | 3,461 (467) | <.001 |
| Hospital type | 0.030 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||||
| University affiliated teaching hospital | 13,278 (41.3) | 1,652 (46.8) | 3,643 (51.9) | 450 (39.8) | 14,273 (33.9) | 621 (46.1) | 7,661 (50.3) | 366 (38.5) | ||||
| Teaching community hospital | 15,342 (47.8) | 1,666 (47.2) | 3,185 (45.4) | 668 (59.1) | 21,111 (50.2) | 672 (49.9) | 6,727 (44.2) | 580 (61.1) | ||||
| Non-teaching community hospital | 3,504 (10.9) | 215 (6.1) | 195 (2.8) | 12 (1.1) | 6,704 (15.9) | 55 (4.1) | 831 (5.5) | 4 (0.4) | ||||
Data are n (%) or mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise specified.
Hypertensive disorder includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia.
BMI, body mass index.