Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Characteristics of Participants (N=592)
| Overall Sample N(%) or Mean±SD |
Non-Adherent N(%) or Mean±SD |
Adherent N(%) or Mean±SD |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size | 592 | 163 (28) | 429 (72) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Site | P=0.039 | |||
| UNC | 208 (35) | 45 (28) | 163 (38) | |
| NU | 162 (27) | 56 (34) | 106 (25) | |
| UCSF | 148 (25) | 44 (27) | 104 (24) | |
| UCLA | 74 (13) | 18 (11) | 56 (13) | |
| TOFHLA: Adequate | 375 (63) | 113 (69) | 262 (61) | P=0.063 |
| Age | 60.6±13.1 | 56.7±12.7 | 62.1±12.9 | P<0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | P=0.064 | |||
| White NH | 226 (38) | 51 (31) | 175 (41) | |
| Hispanic | 96 (16) | 23 (14) | 73 (17) | |
| African American | 230 (39) | 78 (48) | 152 (35) | |
| Other | 40 (7) | 11 (7) | 29 (7) | |
| Gender: Male | 308 (52) | 88 (54) | 220 (51) | P=0.556 |
| Language: English | 510 (86) | 146 (90) | 364 (85) | P=0.137 |
| Income Level, $ | P=0.819 | |||
| <15,000 | 300 (51) | 82 (50) | 218 (51) | |
| 15,000–24,999 | 88 (15) | 27 (17) | 61 (14) | |
| 25,000–40,000 | 65 (11) | 16 (10) | 49 (11) | |
| >40,000 | 124 (21) | 34 (21) | 90 (21) | |
| Education Level | P=0.255 | |||
| <12th grade | 157 (27) | 35 (22) | 122 (28) | |
| High School | 174 (29) | 56 (34) | 118 (28) | |
| Some college | 136 (23) | 38 (23) | 98 (23) | |
| College graduate or Greater | 125 (21) | 34 (21) | 91 (21) | |
| Subjective Socioeconomic Status | 4.77±2.51 | 4.23±2.37 | 4.97±2.53 | P=0.001 |
| Insurance | P<0.001 | |||
| Medicaid | 149 (25) | 48 (29) | 101 (24) | |
| Medicare Only | 62 (11) | 7 (4) | 55 (13) | |
| Private Only | 77 (13) | 34 (21) | 43 (10) | |
| Uninsured | 77 (13) | 28 (17) | 49 (11) | |
| Medicare & Medicaid | 101 (17) | 24 (15) | 77 (18) | |
| Medicare & Private | 126 (21) | 22 (14) | 104 (24) | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| HFSS | 60.9±22.0 | 59.4±22.0 | 61.4±22.0 | P=0.316 |
| NYHA Class | P=0.937 | |||
| I | 112 (19) | 29 (18) | 83 (19) | |
| II | 297 (50) | 83 (51) | 214 (50) | |
| III | 117 (20) | 34 (21) | 83 (19) | |
| IV | 66 (11) | 17 (10) | 49 (11) | |
| Systolic Dysfunction: Ejection fraction <0.45 | 346 (58) | 95 (58) | 251 (59) | P=0.960 |
| Systolic BP (mm/Hg) | 125±22.7 | 125±25.0 | 125±21.8 | P=0.944 |
| Diastolic BP (mm/Hg) | 71.3±12.9 | 73.1±14.1 | 70.6±12.4 | P=0.041 |
| Body Mass index | 33.2±8.86 | 33.6±8.77 | 33.1±8.89 | P=0.574 |
| Creatinine level | 1.26±0.548 | 1.21±0.521 | 1.28±0.558 | P=0.191 |
| Diabetes | 284 (48) | 76 (47) | 208 (49) | P=0.686 |
| Hypertension | 502 (85) | 129 (79) | 373 (87) | P=0.018 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 282 (48) | 70 (43) | 212 (49) | P=0.159 |
| Previous MI or angina | 241 (41) | 57 (35) | 184 (43) | P=0.080 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 247 (42) | 55 (34) | 192 (45) | P=0.015 |
| Depressed PHQ>=10 | 193 (33) | 69 (42) | 124 (29) | P=0.002 |
| Current smoker | 95 (16) | 37 (23) | 58 (14) | P=0.007 |
| Medication History | ||||
| ACE-I | 383 (65) | 111 (68) | 272 (63) | P=0.286 |
| ARB | 118 (20) | 29 (18) | 89 (21) | P=0.422 |
| ACE-I or ARB | 487 (82) | 136 (83) | 351 (82) | P=0.645 |
| Beta blocker | 482 (81) | 136 (83) | 346 (81) | P=0.437 |
| Intervention status | 298 (50) | 88 (54) | 210 (49%) | P=0.274 |
| Knowledge and behavioral factors | ||||
| HF general knowledge | 6.16±1.75 | 6.02±1.74 | 6.21±1.76 | P=0.230 |
| Salt knowledge | 7.55±1.52 | 7.50±1.68 | 7.56±1.46 | P=0.631 |
| Self-efficacy | 78.3±14.4 | 74.1±16.3 | 79.9±13.3 | P<0.001 |
| Self-care behaviors | 4.61±2.04 | 3.99±1.94 | 4.85±2.03 | P<0.001 |
ACE-I = Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor; ARB = Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; HF = heart failure; HFSS = Heart Failure Symptom Scale; NYHA = New York Heart Association functional classification; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; TOFHLA = Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults.