Table 2.
Descriptive statistics—entire cohort and by early discontinuation status
| Entire sample (N = 74,399) | No early discontinuation (N = 28,667) | Early discontinuation (N = 45,732) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N or mean | % or SD | N or mean | % or SD | N or mean | % or SD | ||
| Patient characteristics | |||||||
| Age (mean; SD) | 51.0 | 9.0 | 51.7 | 8.7 | 50.5 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||||
| Male | 40,197 | 54.0 | 15,883 | 55.4 | 24,314 | 53.2 | |
| Female | 34,202 | 46.0 | 12,784 | 44.6 | 21,418 | 46.8 | |
| Region | <0.001 | ||||||
| Northeast | 9,856 | 13.3 | 4,202 | 14.7 | 5,654 | 12.4 | |
| North Central | 18,054 | 24.3 | 7,324 | 25.6 | 10,730 | 23.5 | |
| South | 33,816 | 45.5 | 12,228 | 42.7 | 21,588 | 47.2 | |
| West | 11,330 | 15.2 | 4,394 | 15.3 | 6,936 | 15.2 | |
| Unknown | 1,343 | 1.8 | 519 | 1.8 | 824 | 1.8 | |
| Insurance plan type | <0.001 | ||||||
| Comprehensive | 1,826 | 2.5 | 741 | 2.6 | 1,085 | 2.4 | |
| Exclusive provider organization | 835 | 1.1 | 309 | 1.1 | 526 | 1.2 | |
| Health maintenance organization | 12,858 | 17.3 | 4,686 | 16.4 | 8,172 | 17.9 | |
| Point of service | 5,919 | 8.0 | 2,246 | 7.8 | 3,673 | 8.0 | |
| Preferred provider organization | 45,048 | 60.6 | 17,418 | 60.8 | 27,630 | 60.4 | |
| Point of service with capitation | 341 | 0.5 | 129 | 0.5 | 212 | 0.5 | |
| Consumer-directed health plan | 2,214 | 3.0 | 919 | 3.2 | 1,295 | 2.8 | |
| High deductible health plan | 917 | 1.2 | 379 | 1.3 | 538 | 1.2 | |
| Unknown | 4,441 | 6.0 | 1,840 | 6.4 | 2,601 | 5.7 | |
| Index medication | |||||||
| Human vs. analog | 0.160 | ||||||
| Analog | 67,118 | 90.2 | 25,917 | 90.4 | 41,201 | 90.1 | |
| Human | 7,281 | 9.8 | 2,750 | 9.6 | 4,531 | 9.9 | |
| Basal vs. mixture | <0.001 | ||||||
| Basal | 65,990 | 88.7 | 25,063 | 87.4 | 40,927 | 89.5 | |
| Mixture | 8,409 | 11.3 | 3,604 | 12.6 | 4,805 | 10.5 | |
| Administration mode | <0.001 | ||||||
| Pen | 44,065 | 59.2 | 16,101 | 56.2 | 27,964 | 61.2 | |
| Vial | 30,334 | 40.8 | 12,566 | 43.8 | 17,768 | 38.9 | |
| Copayment (mean; SD) | 26.7 | 27.4 | 26.2 | 25.8 | 27.1 | 28.3 | <0.001 |
| Pre-period variables | |||||||
| Charlson comorbidity index (mean; SD) | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.195 |
| Hospitalized | 16,626 | 22.4 | 6,241 | 21.8 | 10,385 | 22.7 | 0.003 |
| Emergency room visit | 22,270 | 29.9 | 8,256 | 28.8 | 14,014 | 30.6 | <0.001 |
| Use of oral antidiabetic medication | 50,992 | 68.5 | 20,075 | 70.0 | 30,917 | 67.6 | <0.001 |
| Number of antidiabetic medication classes (mean; SD) | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Number of all-cause medication classes (mean; SD) | 6.5 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Microvascular complication | 5,276 | 7.1 | 2,057 | 7.2 | 3,219 | 7.0 | 0.480 |
| Macrovascular complication | 12,290 | 16.5 | 4,918 | 17.2 | 7,372 | 16.1 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 2,609 | 3.5 | 1,006 | 3.5 | 1,603 | 3.5 | 0.977 |
| Obesity | 5,955 | 8.0 | 2,361 | 8.2 | 3,594 | 7.9 | 0.065 |
| Dementia | 51 | 0.1 | 15 | 0.1 | 36 | 0.1 | 0.181 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 595 | 0.8 | 228 | 0.8 | 367 | 0.8 | 0.915 |
| Mental health disorder | 8,224 | 11.1 | 3,141 | 11.0 | 5,083 | 11.1 | 0.504 |
| Use of antidepressant | 14,995 | 20.2 | 6,381 | 22.3 | 8,614 | 18.8 | <0.001 |
| Psychiatric medication use | 14,476 | 19.5 | 5,752 | 20.1 | 8,724 | 19.1 | <0.001 |
| Total healthcare costs (mean; SD) | 13,963 | 42,048 | 13,391 | 38,206 | 14,322 | 44,284 | 0.002 |