Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with and without Chronic Kidney Disease
| Characteristics | Total (n = 2873) | No CKD 2514 (87.4) | CKD* 359 (12.5) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean ± SD |
51.5 ± 10.7 |
50.5 ± 10.0 |
58.8 ± 12.3 |
<0.001 |
| Women, n (%) |
1499 (52.2) |
1299 (51.7) |
200 (55.7) |
0.152 |
| Education, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| No education |
992 (34.5) |
832 (33.1) |
160 (44.6) |
<0.001 |
| Primary & middle |
929 (32.3) |
813 (32.3) |
116 (32.3) |
|
| Secondary & higher secondary |
622 (21.6) |
565 (22.5) |
57 (15.9) |
|
| Graduate and above |
330 (11.5) |
304 (12.1) |
26 (7.2) |
|
| Tobacco use, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
| Current users |
1113 (38.7) |
980 (39.0) |
133 (37.0) |
0.003 |
| Past users |
280 (9.7) |
227 (9.0) |
53 (14.8) |
|
| Never users |
1480 (51.5) |
1307 (52.0) |
173 (48.2) |
|
| Employed in any occupation, n (%) |
1209 (42.1) |
1115 (44.4) |
94 (26.2) |
<0.001 |
| Physical Activity, METs < 840, n (%) |
1725 (60.0) |
1473 (58.6) |
252 (70.2) |
<0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%)║§ |
1267 (44.9) |
1013 (41.0) |
254 (72.2) |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)† |
615 (21.4) |
465 (18.5) |
150 (41.8) |
<0.001 |
| History of CHD, n (%)†† |
246 (8.6) |
203 (8.1) |
43 (12.0) |
0.013 |
| History of stroke, n (%) |
88 (3.1) |
59 (2.3) |
29 (8.1) |
<0.001 |
| Weight in Kg, mean ± SD |
64.8 ± 14.4 |
65.0 ± 14.3 |
63.4 ± 14.6 |
0.063 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD║ |
25.8 ± 5.5 |
25.8 ± 5.5 |
25.7 ± 5.1 |
0.767 |
| Systolic BP, mean ± SD |
137 ± 24 |
135 ± 22 |
153 ± 27 |
<0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mean ± SD |
86 ± 13 |
85 ± 12 |
91 ± 15 |
<0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mean ± SD‡ |
6.4 ± 2.8 |
6.2 ± 2.6 |
7.7 ± 3.8 |
<0.001 |
| Serum Cholesterol, mean ± SD‡ |
4.9 ± 1.0 |
4.8 ± 1.0 |
5.0 ± 1.2 |
0.003 |
| LDL, mean ± SD‡ |
3.0 ± 0.8 |
3.0 ± 0.8 |
3.1 ± 1.0 |
0.087 |
| HDL, mean ± SD‡ |
1.0 ± 0.3 |
1.0 ± 0.3 |
1.1 ± 0.3 |
0.196 |
| Triglycerides, mean ± SD‡ |
1.8 ± 1.1 |
1.8 ± 1.1 |
2.0 ± 1.2 |
<0.001 |
| eGFR, median (25th –75th percentiles) |
92.8 (82.7 – 101.5) |
94.6 (85.9 – 102.1) |
68.2 (52.1 – 92.5) |
0.001 |
| UACR, median (25th –75th percentiles) | 0.58 (0.38 – 1.07) | 0.53 (0.36 – 0.83) | 6.24 (3.46 – 19.60) | <0.001 |
CKD = Chronic Kidney Disease; METs = Metabolic Equivalents; CHD = Coronary Heart Disease; BP = Blood Pressure; LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL = High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR = Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio.
*CKD is defined as the eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 estimated by CKD-EPIPK (0.686 × CKD-EPI1.059) or urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥3 mg/mmol.
║Missing observations: for hypertension status 50 were missing and for BMI 2 were missing.
§Hypertension was defined as persistent elevation of SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg on the basis of average of last two of three readings measured 5 minutes apart at each visit, on two separate occasions, or taking antihypertensive medications.
†Diabetes defined as fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or on anti-diabetic medications.
††CHD was defined as self-reported history of coronary heart disease.
‡Reported in SI units (mmol/L).