Table 1.

Management practices in 17 infected farms

Variables (number of farms dairy/beef)	Number of farms (%)
	Dairy	Beef
General management practices
Stall system (10/7)
Free stall barn	8 (80)	7 (100)
Tethered stable	2 (20)	0 (0)
Summer mountain pastures (10/7)
Heifers	7 (70)	0 (0)
Heifers and cows	1 (10)	0 (0)
Whole herd (calves included)	1 (10)	4 (57)
No purchase1 (10/7)	1 (10)	1 (14)
Calving facilities and management
Type of calving pen (10/7)
Individual calving pen	5 (50)	5 (71)
Group calving pen	3 (30)	1 (14)
No calving pen	2 (20)	1 (14)
Calvings in the barn (8/6)
10-50%	2 (25)	2 (33)
>50%	0 (0)	1 (17)
Cleaning of calving pen (8/6)
Change of bedding after each calving	1 (13)	0 (0)
Possibilities of contamination from cows to calves or heifers
Preweaned calves (10)
Kept in same building as cows	4 (40)	N/A
Direct contamination of calf area with cow manure	5 (50)	N/A
Direct contamination of feed with cow manure	1 (10)	N/A
Direct contamination of water supply with cow manure	2 (20)	N/A
Weaned calves (10)
Kept in same building as cows	3 (30)	N/A
Direct contamination of calf area with cow manure	3 (30)	N/A
Direct contamination of feed with cow manure	1 (10)	N/A
Direct contamination of water supply with cow manure	0 (0)	N/A
Heifers >1 year (10/7)
Kept in same building as cows	4 (40)	5 (71)
Direct contamination of heifer area with cow manure	2 (20)	5 (71)
Direct contamination of feed with cow manure	0 (0)	1 (14)
Direct contamination of water supply with cow manure	1 (10)	1 (14)

¹No purchase: Herds with no purchase were closed herds that bought no animals at all.

N/A: not applicable.