Table 4.

HIV-1-Human Protein Interactions^a Reported in the Literature²¹

Host protein	HIV protein interaction
2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-  phosphodiesterase	Activated by: tat
Actin	Inhibited by (multiple isoforms): env Binds (multiple isoforms): gag, nef Interacts with (multiple isoforms): gag Associates with (multiple isoforms): nef rearrangement induced by (multiple isoforms):  nef, tat Cleaves (multiple isoforms): pol Associates with (beta-actin): rev Downregulated by (multiple isoforms),  upregulated by (beta actin): tat Polymerization enhanced by (gamma 1  propeptide): vpr
Alpha-1-antiproteinase	Interacts with: env
Annexin A2	Colocalizes with, interacts with (isoform 1): gag Downregulated by (isoform 2): tat
CD44	Downregulates: vpr
Cell division control protein 42	Inhibited by, interacts with, upregulated by: nef
Eukaryotic translation  elongation factor 1  alpha 1	Inhibited by: gag Binds: gag, pol Interacts with: tat
Ezrin	Binds: env Interacts with: env, gag Incorporates: gag Upregulated by: vpr
heat shock protein 70 kDa	Interacts with (protein 5), upregulated by  (multiple proteins), inhibits (multiple  proteins): env Incorporated by (multiple proteins), stimulates  (multiple proteins), inhibits (protein 8): gag Regulates (multiple proteins): tat Inhibits (protein 1a), binds (protein 1a),  competes with (multiple proteins): vpr
MHC Class I	Interacts with, complexes with: env Binds: env, gag, nef, pol Upregulated by: env, tat Colacalizes with, inhibited by, modulated by: nef Downregulated by: nef, tat, vpu
MHC Class II	Associates with, incorporated by: env Upregulated by: env, tat Inhibited by, interacts with: env, nef Colocalizes with, relocalizes, relocalized by: gag Downregulated by: gag, nef, tat
Moesin	Binds, relocalized by: env Incorporated by: gag
Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans  isomerase A (cyclophilin  A)	Inhibited by, required by: env Incorporated by, modulates, interacts with,  stabilized by: gag Binds: gag, nef, vif Isomerizes: gag, vpr
Ras-related C3 botulinum  toxin substrate 2	Interacts with: nef Activated by, downregulated by: tat
Syntenin-1	Upregulated by: env
Ubiquitin	Ubiquinates: gag, rev, tat

^aNo interactions have been reported for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating; Alpha-2-H; EH domain-containing protein 4; HSP90AB; Hemoglobin fetal subunit; HBB; P (Ankyrin Repeat Containing); Phosphoglycerate kinase 1; Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2.