Table 1.

miRNAs in autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune disease	miRNA	Expression localization and regulatory role	Documented and postulated effect	Reference
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)	miR-146a 155	PMBC ↑	P	[13]
	miR-146a 155	Synovial tissue RASFs and synovial fluid ↑	P	[14, 15]
	miR-146a 155	PMBC-derived CD4+ T cell ↑	P	[16]
	miR-146a 155	Th-17 cell ↑	P	[17]
	miR-124	↑ cell proliferation MCP-1 production	Inflammatory pathogenesis	[19]
	miR-34*	Demethylated promoter increases miR-34a* expression	Promotes apoptosis	[18]
	miR-346	Regulates IL-18 release	Inflammatory pathogenesis	[20]
	miR-203a	MMP IL-6 production ↑	Proinflammatory factor	[21]
	miR-363 498	Plasma ↓	P	[16]
	miR-24 125a-5p	Plasma ↑	P	[23]
	Let-7a	PMBC ↓	P	[13]
	miR-132 16	PMBC ↑	P	[13]
	miR-140	Human articular chondrocytes ↓	Regulates pathways that control cartilage development and homeostasis	[24]
	miR-323-3p	Synovial fibroblast ↑	Biomarker for immune and inflammatory response enhances Wnt/cadherin pathway activation	[25]
	miR-155	PBMC and fibroblast-like synoviocytes ↑	Against inflammatory effect	[22]
Multiple sclerosis (MS)	miR-18b 599 493	RRMS ↑	P	[33]
	miR-145 186 664 20b 422a 142-3p 584 223 1275 491-5p	Dysregulated in whole blood	P	[34]
	miR-34a 155 326	↑ active compared to inactive MS	P Targets the 3′ UTR of CD47	[35]
	miR-21 106b	RRMS SPMS PPMS serum ↑	P	[36]
	miR-17-5p, 19a/b, 20a and 92b	B-lymphocytes of MS patients ↓	P	[37]
	Several miRNAs	Differentially expressed in CD4+ CD25high cells	P	[38]
	miR-17-5p	CD4+ cell from RRMS patients ↑	P	[39]
	miR-326	MS patients ↑	Promotes Th-17 differentiation and pathogenesis	[32]
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	Several miRNAs	Differentially expressed in lupus nephritis and SLE	P	[44]
	miR-146a	Target IFN regulatory factor 5 and STAT-1 repress the transactivation of type I IFN miR146 promoter variant decreased binding to transcription factor Ets-1 causing reduced miR-146a level in SLE patients	Negative regulator of innate immunity correlated with inflammatory pathway	[45, 46]
	miR-3148	Binds with SNP rs3853839 and TLR7-TLT8 regions	Distinguishes populations of non-Asians and Asians	[47]
	miR-21	Regulating PDCD	Immune response	[48]
	miR-146a	Serum of SLE patients ↓	P	[49]
	miR-155	Serum of SLE patients ↓	P	[49]
	Hsa-miR-371-5P 1224-3P 423-5P	Differentially expressed in lupus nephritis	P	[50]
	miR-15	Splenic cellular and plasma in murine model ↑	Pathogenesis	[53]
	miR-148a 21	DNA methylation in lupus	Epigenetic regulation	[51]
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)	miRs-199a-5p 362-3p 532-3p plus-E1271 340*	Peripheral blood from active CD patients ↑	P	[56]
	miR-149* plus-F1065	Peripheral blood from active CD patients ↓	P	[56]
	Several miRNAs	Blood from active UC patients ↑	P	[56]
	miR-505*	Blood from active UC patients ↓	P	[56]
	miRs-28-5p 103-2* 1495*151-5p 340* 505* 532-3p plus-E1153	↑ peripheral blood of active UC patients versus active CD patients	P	[56]
	miR-505*	↓ in peripheral blood of active UC patients versus active CD patient	P	[56]
	miRs-195 16 93 140 30e 20a 106a 192 21 484 let-7b	Differentially expressed in serum from CD patients	P	[57]
	miRs-16 23a 29a 106a 107 126 191 199a-5p 200c 362-3p 532-3p	Blood from CD patients ↑	P	[58]
	miRs-16 21 28-5p 151-5p 155 199a-5p	Blood from UC patients ↑	P	[58]
	miRs-188-5p 422a 378 500 501-5p 769-5p 874	Dysregulated in microvesicles peripheral blood mononuclear cells' platelets of UC patients	P	[59]
	miRs-192 375 422b 16 21 23a 24 29a 126 195	Dysregulated in sigmoid colon biopsies from active UC patients	P	[60]
	miR-21 155	Dysregulated in inflamed colonic mucosa from active UC patients		[61]
	miR-150	Inflamed colonic mucosa of UC patients ↑	P Targets c-Myb	[62]
	miRs-26a 29a 29b 30c 126* 127-3p 196a 324-3p	Dysregulated in colonic tissue of IBD	P	[63]
	Several miRNAs	Differentially expressed in colonic tissue from quiescent UC versus CD patients	P	[63]
	miR-143	Negatively correlates with MEK-2	Unknown	[64]
	miR-145	Negatively correlates with IRS-1 K-RAS API-5	Unknown	[64]
	miR-7	Negatively correlates with its target-CD98	Interferes with natural proliferation and differentiation of enterocytes	[65]

“↑” represents upregulated.

“↓” represents downregulated.

“P” represents potential diagnostic biomarker.