Table 1.
Delivery system | Physical morphology |
Advantage | Disadvantage | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nanoemulsions | Liquid | Transparent/translucent systems suitable to use in beverages Carrier of hydrophobic compounds Rapid absorption Toxicological safe Good shelf stability |
Rapid release Low stability in acidic condition Low-energy methods are limited in food sector |
[13] [59] |
| ||||
Nanoparticles | ||||
(a) Nanospheres | Solid | Large surface-to-volume ratios Controlled release of insoluble actives |
Lack of stability of some actives High production costs |
[60] [61] |
(b) Nanocapsules | Solid | The use of natural polymers such as polysaccharide and proteins can increase bioavailability and biodegradability | Large dispersion of encapsulated actives A purification process is necessary after the synthesis of nanocapsules |
[60] [61] [62] [63] |
(c) Solid lipid nanoparticles | Solid | Increase the aqueous solubility of the compound Produce a prolonged release and decrease the toxic side effects of the compound Rapid formulation development |
Recrystallization risk and low encapsulation load |
[13] [64] |
| ||||
Liposomes | Liquid | Capability to either encapsulate water-soluble drugs in their cavity or to solubilize lipophilic drugs in their bilayer Targetability High stability of compounds in foodstuff with high water content Large-scale production |
Rapid release Short shelf lives |
[65] [66] [67] |
| ||||
Nanofibers | Solid | Large surface area and porosity Possibility of large-scale production Capability to carry heat sensitive compounds High gas permeability |
Biopolymers solubility limits their use in electrospinning | [68] [69] [70] |