Table 1.

The literature on cryoablation of lung tumors.

Study group and year	Number of patients	Tumor data	Tumor size* (mm)	Indications	Freeze/thaw cycle	Follow-up	LCR	Survival
Wang et al. [17], 2005	187: 165 NSCLC (5 stage I, 17 stage II, 80 stage III, and 63 stage IV), 22 metastasis	234 tumors: 196 primary cancer and 38 metastasis	43 ± 2 in peripheral locations and 64 ± 3 in central locations	Local control and palliation	Double	NA	NA	NA
Kawamura et al. [18], 2006	20: all metastasis	35	Mean tumor size, 13.3	Local control	Triple	9 to 28 months (median, 21 months)	LCR: 80%	1 y OS: 89.4%
Zemlyak et al. [35], 2010	27: all NSCLC (27 stage I)	27	NA	Local control	NA	Mean, 33 months	LCR: 89%	3 y OS/cancer-specific survival/cancer-free survival rate: 77.0%/90.2%/45.6%, respectively
Yamauchi et al. [28], 2011	24: all metastasis	55	13 ± 7	Local control	Triple	Median, 40 months	1 /3 y LCR: 90.8% and 59%, respectively, 3 y LCR of tumors <15 mm and >15 mm: 79.8% and 28.6%, respectively (P = 0.001)	1 /3 y OS: 91%/59.6%, respectively
Zhang et al. [14], 2012	46: all NSCLC (12 stage I, 19 stage II, and 15 stage III)	46	32 ± 11	Local control	Double	24 months	2 y LCR: 83.7%.	2 y OS: 93.5%.
Pusceddu et al. [19], 2013	32: 11 NSCLC (4 stage I, 3 stage II, 3 stage III, and 1 stage IV), 21 metastasis	34 tumors: 11 primary cancer and 23 metastasis	26 ± 12	Local control	Double or triple	6 months	1 /3 /6 mo technical success: 82%/97%/91%, respectively	NA
Yamauchi et al. [8], 2012	22: all NSCLC (22 stage I)	34	14 ± 6	Local control	Triple	12 to 68 months (median, 23 months)	LCR of 97%	2 /3 y OS: 88%/88%, respectively
Yashiro et al. [27], 2013	71 (patients characteristics were not reported)	210 tumors: 11 primary cancer and 199 metastasis	Mean tumor size, 12.8	Local control	Triple	79 to 2467 days (median, 454 days)	1 /2 /3 y LCR: 80.4%/69.0%/67.7%, respectively	NA

*Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviation, NA = not available, OS = overall survival, LCR = local control rate.